The use of Microwave Remote Sensing

The engross of micro-cook Remote senseINTRODUCTIONMicrowave conflicting detecting at wavelengths ranging from 1 cm to 1 m has gained a lot of importance over the plast ten-spot for a wide range of scientific performances with the availability of active vaporize radio detection and ranging imaging sy chemical groups. Its dominance in spacial applications use has been scientifically conventional in various sectors same qualityry, agriculture, kill use and land offer, geology and hydrology. A variety of applications dumbfound been carried out world over utilise cook information like discrimination of crop types, crop condition monitor, demesne moisture retrieval, delineation of woodland openings, thought of woodland to a higher place run aground biomass, plant procedure woodwind structure and fire scar mapping, geological mapping, monitor wetlands and snow cover, sea ice denomination, coastal wind depicted object measurement, wave side of meat measuremen t, ship detection , shoreline detection, substrate mapping, slick detection and general botany mapping (Kasischke et al., 1997).There is an emerging interest on microwave external espial is, as microwave sensors it toilet image a ascend with truly fine liquidation of a few meters to coarse resolution of a few kilometers. They rears imagery to a given resolution singly of altitude, limited only by the transmitter power unattached. Fundamental parameters like polarization and look angle apprise be varied to optimize the system for a specific application. SAR imaging is independent of solar blaze as the system provides its own source of illumination. It can operate separately of atmospheric condition conditions if sufficiently long wavelengths argon chosen. It operates in a heap of electromagnetic spectrum contrasting from the good deals employ by visible and infr ard (IR) imageries.Microwave applications in ForestryApplications of microwave channelized(p) feel in woodlandry ha ve likewise been reported during the recent past. Recent reviews on the application of radiolocation in woodsry show that SAR systems have a good potentiality dropity in nifty various types of ( tropic) forest cover use multi-temporal and multi- frequence SAR info (Vander Sanden, 1997 Varekamp, cc1 Quinones, 2002 Sgrenzaroli, 2004). These studies showed that the biomass dependence of radio detection and ranging scatter varies as a function of radio detection and ranging wavelength, polarization and relative incidence angle. Alsorecent studies have demonstrated that synthetic aperture microwave radar (SAR) can be use to label higher up-ground erecting biomass. To date, these studies have relied on capacious ground-truth measurements to construct family relationships between biomass and SAR disperse (Steininger, 1996 Rignot et al., 1997).Many studies demonstrated the use of unreal Aperture radiolocation (SAR) remote sensing to retrieve biophysical characteristics from forest targets (Richards, 1990). Although radar disperse from forest is influenced by their structural properties (Imhoff, 1995), earlier studies derived utilizable relationships between disperseing coefficients and the above-ground biomass (Baker et., 1994 Le Toan et al., 1992 dobsonfly et el., 1992 Imhoff 1995). These relationships whitethorn provide a method of monitoring forest ecosystems which play such(prenominal) a vital theatrical role in light speed storage and NPP.Microwave remote sensing has the ad wagon traintage of all weather capability coverage overcoming the persistent problem of obscure cover in satellite images like in optical information. Optical remote sensing is beingness use very prosperingly in various applications connect to earth resources studies and monitoring of the environment. However, optical remote sensing is not adapted for all atmospheric conditions. It cannot penetrate through clouds and haze. In umteen nations of the world, the buy at cloud conditions often restrain the acquisition of high-quality remotely sensed info by optical sensors. Thus, radar information has become the only operable style of acquiring remotely sensed entropy within a given time frame dissemble because the radar systems can collect universe feature selective information irrespective of weather or light conditions. ascribable to this unique feature of radar selective information compared with optical sensor data, the radar data have been used extensively in many fields, including forest-cover designation and mapping, discrimination of forest compartments and forest types, regard of forest lose parameters and monitoring of forests. In areas where flora cover is dense, it visually covers the underlying formation and it is very difficult to detect structural limiting the use of optical sensors. radiolocation however, is sensitive enough to topographical variation that it is able to discern the structural e xpression reflected in the guide top canopy, and therefore the structure may be clearly defined on the radar imagery.establish on this background, the current thesis work has been carried out to explore the potential of microwave data in addressing core areas of equatorial forestry viz., plant life salmagundi , a bove ground biomass attachment and so on, and to provide the users/researchers a meaningful data foot of SAR applications in tropical forestry, specifically over the India region.Research questionsWhich SAR wavelength/frequency heap is appropriate for vegetation variety in tropical forests?To what extent above ground biomass can be mensurable in tropical forests? Which frequency band and polarization are desirable for above ground biomass love? Is there any enhancement in vegetation classification with polarimetric / interferometric data than stand alone amplitude data?Research hypothesisBased on this background,the previous studies and earlier mentioned Rresearc h questions, we understand that the disperse increases with the increase in above ground biomass and depends on wavelength bands, polarizations used and on the consider area, topographic variations and species composition. So, the present contain attempts to derive the application potential of airborne and quadrangle borne SAR data in the quantification of the forest resources in tropical regions like India, two as a complementary and supplementary role to optical data particularises. several(predicate) techniques such as simple simple regression depth psychology, multi-sensor fusion, texture measures and interferometric coherence characterize contrastive biomass ranges of the test sites and classification of major land cover classes. This study would drive on scope for future research in tropical regions to explore the potentials of SAR data in land cover classification and above ground biomass adhesion use the polarimetric and interferometric techniques. OBJECTIVESBase d on this background, the present study aims at the quest objectivesVegetation type classification utilize polarimetric and interferometric SAR data.Forest above-ground biomass estimation use multi-frequency SAR data and ground inventoried data.Vegetation classification is necessary to understand the innovation of species in a given area which gives above ground biomass with measured parameters. Hence, vegetation classification enhances the estimation of the above ground biomass.Forest biomass is a key parameter in understanding the carbon cycle and ascertain rates of carbon storage, both of which are large uncertainties for forest ecosystems. dead on target knowledge of biophysical parameters of the ecosystems is essential to develop an understanding of the ecosystem and their interactions, to provide input models of ecosystem and global processes, to test these models and to monitor changes in ecosystem dynamics and processes over time. Thus, it is a useful measure for asse ssing changes in forest structure, comparing structural and functional attributes of forest ecosystems across a wide range of environmental conditions.Knowing the spatial distribution of forest biomass is important as the knowledge of biomass is required for compute the sources and sinks of carbon that result from converting a forest to cleared land and delinquency versa, to know the spatial distribution of biomass which enables measurement of change through time. guinea pig sampling is the most followed conventional method for vegetation type classification. The identification of disparate species in field yields good results in the estimation of the above ground biomass. It is very time consuming, expensive and very complicated.With the use of quintuple sensors, varied data collection and interpretation techniques, remote sensing is a versatile tool that can provide data closely the come of the earth to suit any need (Reene et al, 2001). Remote sensing come up for vegetatio n classification is cost effective and alike time effective. though the identification of the guide species is possible only from the aerial imagery, major forest types can be identified from the airborne and the distanceborne remote sensing data. optic image interpretation provides a feasible means of vegetation classification in forests. The image characteristics of shape, size, pattern, shadow, tone and texture are used by interpreters in tree species identification. Phenological correlations are useful in tree species identification. Changes in the appearance of trees in different seasons of the year some times enable discrimination of species that are indistinguishable on single dates. The use of multi-temporal remote sensing data enables the mapping of the different forest types.SAR has shown its potential for screening and monitoring geophysical parameters both locally and globally. Excellent works were carried out on the classification use several approaches such as po larimetric data disintegration (Lee et al., 1998), knowledge establish approaches considering the theoretical backscatter mildew and experimental observations ( Ramson and cold-temperateness , 1994) Backscatter model- link up inversion approaches ( Kurvonen et al., 1999), neural networks and data fusion approaches ( Chen et al., 1996). ring et al. (2001) have shown that the classification accuracy of 95% for the vegetation classes could be achieved through the segmentation and classification of the SAR data using Gaussian Markov Random theatre of operations Model (GMRF).Many methods have been employed for classification of polarimetric SAR data, based on the maximum likelihood (ML) (Lee et al. 1994), artificial neural network (NN) (Chen et al. 1996, Ito and Omatu, 1998), support vector machines (SVMs) (Fukuda et al. 2002), fuzzy method (Chen et al. 2003, Du and Lee 1996), or other approaches (Kong et al. 1988, Lee and Hoppel 1992, van Zyl and Burnette 1992, Cloude and Pottier 1997, Lee et al. 1999, Alberqa 2004) Among these methods, the ML classifier (Lee et al. 1994) can be employed for obtaining faultless classification results, but it is based on the assumption of the complex Wishart distribution of the covariance matrix.Assessing the summarize aboveground biomass of forests (biomass density when expressed as dry weight per whole area at a particular time) is a useful way of quantifying the amount of resource available for all traditional uses. It either gives the step of do biomass directly or the quantity by each parcel (e.g., leaves, branches, and bole) because their biomass tends to vary systematically with the full(a) biomass. However, biomass of each component varies with total biomass by forest type, such as natural or planted forests and closed(a) or open forests. For example, leaves contribute about 3-5% and merchantable bole is about 60% of the total aboveground biomass of closed forests.Many researchers have essential various metho ds based on field inventory and remote sensing approaches for the estimation of above ground biomass (Kira and Ogawa, 1971). Traditionally, field-measured approach is considered as the most accurate source for above-ground biomass estimation. It has been converted to book, or biomass, using allometric equations that are based on standard field measurements (tree height and diameter at depreciator height). contrary approaches, based on field measurement (Brown et al. 1989, Brown and Iverson 1992, Schroeder et al.. 1997, Houghton et al., 2001, Brown, 2002) remote sensing (Tiwari 1994, Roy and Ravan 1996, Tomppo et al., 2002, Foody et al., 2003, Santos et al., 2003, Zheng et al., 2004, Lu, 2005) and GIS (Brown and Gaston 1995) have been applied for AGB estimation. Traditional techniques based on field measurement are the most accurate ways for collecting biomass data. A sufficient number of field measurements is a prerequisite for developing AGB estimation models and for evaluating th e AGB estimation results. However, these approaches are often time consuming, labour intensive, and difficult to implement, particularly in remote areas and are generally limited to 10-year intervals. Also, they cannot provide the spatial distribution of biomass in large areas.For the above reasons, the perspectives of using remote sensing techniques to estimate forest biomass have gained interest. Remote sensing data available at different scales, from local to global, and from various sources, optical to microwave are expected to provide information that could be related indirectly, and in different manners, to biomass information. The possibility that aboveground forest biomass might be determined from space is a promising alternative to ground-based methods (Hese et al., 2005).The usefulnesss of remotely sensed data, such as in repetivity of data collection, synoptic view, digital format that allows fast bear upon of large quantities of data, and the high correlations between spectral bands and vegetation parameters, make it the base source for large area AGB estimation, especially in areas of difficult access. Therefore, remote sensing-based AGB estimation has increasingly attracted scientific interest.In general, AGB can be estimated using remotely sensed data with different approaches, such as octuple regression analysis, K nearest-neighbour, and neural network (Roy and Ravan 1996, Nelson et al. 2000a, Steininger 2000, Foody et al. 2003, Zheng et al. 2004), and indirectly estimated from canopy parameters, such as top out diameter, which are first derived from remotely sensed data using multiple regression analysis or different canopy reflectance models (Wu and Strahler 1994, Woodcock et al. 1997, Phua and Saito 2003, Popescu et al. 2003).Spectral signatures or vegetation indices are often used for AGB estimation in optical remote sensing. Many vegetation indices have been developed and applied to biophysical parameter studies (Anderson and Hanson 1992, Anderson et al. 1993, Eastwood et al. 1997, Lu et al. 2004, Mutanga and Skidmore 2004). Vegetation indices have been recommended to remove variability caused by canopy geometry, soil background, sun view angles, and atmospheric conditions when measuring biophysical properties (Elvidge and Chen 1995, Blackburn and Steele 1999).Radar remote sensing has potential to provide information on above ground biomass. The information content of SAR data in footing of the retrieval of biomass parameters will be assessed based on an understanding of the underlying scattering mechanisms, which in turn are derived from observations and modeling results. For this purpose, an analysis of data acquired by multiple frequency, incidence and polarisation systems and by interferometric systems is carried out. It has been proved that the sensitiveness to biomass parameters differ unbendablely at different frequencies, polarisations and incidence angles.In general, long wavelength SAR backscatter (P and L band) is more sensitive to forest biomass than shorter wavelength C-band backscatter and the relationships saturate at certain biomass levels ( Imhoff 1995b). The strength of the relationships and the saturation levels are dependent on the type of forest being analysed (Ferrazoli et al. 1997). The saturation levels for the estimation of above ground biomass depend on the wavelengths (i.e. different bands, such as C, L, P), polarization (such as HV and VV), and the characteristics of vegetation stand structure and ground conditions. C-band can measure forestry biomass up to app. 50 tons/ha, L-band can measure up to 100 tons/ha and P-band can measure up to 200 tons/ha (Floyd et al., 1998). The combination of multiple channels and polarizations provides greater advantage for estimating total biomass (Harry Stern, 1998).RELEVANCE OF THE STUDYThe present study is the part of Radar resourcefulness satellite Joint Experiment Programme (RISAT-JEP) for forestry applications under taken by Forestry and environmental science Division of National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), as a pilot campaign with specific objectives of above ground biomass estimation and vegetation type classification using airborne DLR (German Aerospace Center) carrying ESAR (Experimental semisynthetic Aperture Radar) data for Rajpipla (Gujarat) study site and space borne ENVISAT (Environmental Satellite) carrying advance(a) Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) data for trinity test sites viz., Rajpipla (Gujarat), Dandeli (Karnataka) and Bilaspur (Chattisgarh), India.SCOPE OF THE STUDYThe specific objectives of the present study are above ground biomass estimation and vegetation type classification using airborne DLR (German Aerospace Center) carrying ESAR (Experimental Synthetic Aperture Radar) data for Rajpipla (Gujarat) study site and space borne ENVISAT (Environmental Satellite) carrying Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) data ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Satellite) carrying Phas ed Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) for three test sites viz., Rajpipla (Gujarat), Dandeli (Karnataka) and Bilaspur (Chattisgarh), India.Different techniques such as Regression analysis, multi-sensor fusion, texture measures and interferometric coherence were used to characterize different biomass ranges of the test sites and to classify the major land cover classes using spaceborne C-band ENVISAT-ASAR data and L-band ALOS- PALSAR data. Polarimetric signatures, polarimetric decompositions, multi-sensor fusion techniques etc. were used for the classification of different vegetation types in the Rajpipla study area using the airborne DLR-ESAR data.The study has its uniqueness and gains importance in the application potential of SAR interferometry over tropical regions like India, both in terms of an alternate/substitute to optical data sets due to persisting cloud cover and to the lack of availability of any earlier scientific work over the study region. This study is us eful for the applications of to be launched Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT) in 2010.The study has amply demonstrated the application potential of airborne and space borne SAR data in the quantification of the forest resources in tropical regions like India, both as a complementary and supplementary role to optical datasets. The study would facilitate future research in tropical regions to explore the potentials of SAR data in land cover classification and above ground biomass estimation using the polarimetric and interferometric techniques.LITERATURE SURVEYDuring the last decade, many potential applications of SAR in different frequency bands have been studied for forestry applications using data acquired by both airborne and space-borne systems. Various techniques like Polarimetry, Interferometry and Polarimetric-Interferometry intensify the use of SAR data in forestry applications. The backscatter from vegetation is used to generalize information about amplitude data for forest c over mapping and estimation of above ground biomass in regenerate forests. Use of SAR polarimetric data delineated vegetation classes within the forest and also enhanced the capability in estimating the above ground biomass. The use of repeat pass interferometric data enables to calculate the forest stand height and also used for the land cover classification. The emerging Pol-InSAR technique is used to derive the three dimensional forest structures.Forest cover maps were prepared for the boreal, temperate and tropical forests using SAR data. Forest was garbled from non-forest regions using multi-temporal C-band ERS SAR data on the test sites of coupled Kingdom, Poland and Finland (Quegan et al., 2000). The study applied a threshold value to separate forest from other classes. Tropical rainforest of Borneo was mapped from SIR-B data of different incidence angles (Ford and Casey, 1988). Different vegetation covers along with wetlands and clear-cut areas were distinguished. Forest c over mapping was done with JERS-1 SAR data on the coastal regions of Gabon (Simard et al., 2000). The study used decision tree method utilizing both radar amplitude and texture information. Forest cover map was prepared for Southern Chittagong using JERS-1 SAR data (Rahman and Sumantyo, 2007) and the study separated forest, degraded forest, shrubs, coastal plantations, agriculture, shrimp-farms, urban and water.Although radar backscatter from forest is influenced by their structural properties (Imhoff, 1995a), many studies have demonstrated useful relationships between backscattering coefficients and the areal density of above-ground biomass within particular types of forest (Baker et., 1994 Le Toan et al., 1992 Dobson et al., 1992 Imhof et al 1995b).Many airborne and spaceborne SAR systems have been used to carry out a large amount of experiments for investigating the forest ecosystems. The airborne systems, such as the NASA/JPL AIRSAR, DLR-ESAR, etc., operating at P, L and C band, has been flown over many forest sites (Zebker et al., 1991 Le Toan et al, 1992 Beaudoin et al., 1994 Rignot et al. 1994 Skriver et al., 1994 Ranson et al., 1996). The experiments of the Canadian CV-580, as well as the European airborne system, in the first place operating at C and X band also have been carried out in North America and Europe (Drieman et al., 1989 Hoekman, 1990). Spaceborne SAR is being used from regional to global monitoring in a biweekly basis. The spaceborne systems, such as the Seasat SAR, SIR-B, SIR-C/X-SAR and ERS-1, ERS-2, ENVISAT-ASAR, RADARSAT etc., were used for investigations of boreal, temperature and sub-tropical forestry test sites (Ford et al., 1988 Dobson et al., 1992 Ranson et al., 1995 Stofan et al., 1995 Rignotet al., 1995). These experiments and studies have shown that radar is sensitive to forest structural parameters such as diameter at bureau height (dbh) and tree mean height including above-ground biomass (Dobson et al., 1992 Pulliainen et al., 1994 Skriver et al., 1994 Ferrazzoli et al., 1995 Ranson et al., 1996).Earlier studies has shown the potential of radar data in estimating AGB (Hussin et al. 1991, Ranson and Sun 1994, Dobson et al. 1995, Rignot et al. 1995, Saatchi and Moghaddam 1995, Foody et al. 1997, Harrell et al. 1997, Ranson et al. 1997, Luckman et al. 1997, 1998, Pairman et al. 1999, Imhoff et al. 2000, Kuplich et al. 2000, Castel et al. 2002, Sun et al. 2002, Santos et al. 2003, Treuhaft et al. 2004). Kasischke et al. (1997) reviewed radar data for ecological applications, including AGB estimation. Lucas et al. (2004) and Kasischke et al. (2004) reviewed SAR data for AGB estimation in tropical forests and temperate and boreal forests, respectively. Different wavelength radar data have their own characteristics in relating to forest stand parameters. Backscatter in P and L bands is exceedingly correlated with major forest parameters, such as tree age, tree height, DBH, basal area, and AGB (Leckie 1998 ). In particular, SAR L-band data have proven to be invaluable for AGB estimation (Sader 1987, Luckman et al. 1997, Kurvonen et al. 1999, Sun et al. 2002). However, low or negligible correlations were found between SAR C-Band backscatter and AGB (Le Toan et al. 1992). Beaudoin et al. (1994) found that the HH return was related to both trunk and crown biomass, and the VV and HV returns were linked to crown biomass.Harrell et al. (1997) evaluated four techniques for AGB estimation in pine stands using SIR C- and L-Band multi-polarization radar data and found that the L-Band HH polarization data were the critical elements in AGB estimation. Kuplich et al. (2000) used L-band JERS-1/SAR data for AGB estimation of regenerate forests and concluded that these data had the potential to estimate AGB for young, regenerating forests. Sun et al. (2002) found that multi-polarization L-Band SAR data were useful for AGB estimation of forest stands in mountainous areas. Castel et al. (2002) identif ied the significant relationships between the backscatter coefficient of JERS- 1/SAR data and the stand biomass of a pine plantation. The study find the improvement in AGB estimation results for young stands, compared to estimation for old stands. Santos et al. (2002) used JERS-1 SAR data to analyse the relationships between backscatter signals and biomass of forest and savanna formations. This study concluded that forest structural-physiognomic characteristics and the radars volume scattering, double bounce scattering are two important factors affecting these relationships. The saturation levels of backscattering co-efficient with respect to AGB depend on the wavelengths (i.e. different Bands, such as C, L, P), polarization (such as HV and VV), and the characteristics of vegetation stand structure and ground conditions. Luckman et al. (1997) found that the longer-wavelength (L-Band) SAR image was more suitable to tell apart different levels of forest biomass up to a certain thres hold, indicating that it is suitable for estimating biomass of regenerating forests in tropical regions. Austin et al. (2003) indicated that forest biomass estimation using radar data may be feasible when landscape characteristics are taken into account.The radar backscattering coefficient is correlated with forest biomass and stem volume (Le Toan et al. 1992, Israelsson et al. 1994, Kasischke et al. 1994, Dobson et al. 1995). The sensitivity of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data to forest stem volume increases importantly as the radar wavelength increases (Israelsson et al. 1997). The imaging process makes SAR suitable for mapping parameters related to forest biomass, like stem volume (Baker et al, 1999 Fransson et al, 1999 Hyyppa et al, 1997 Israelsson et al., 1997 Kurvonen et al, 1999 Pulliainen et al, 1996), total growing railway line (Balzter et al, 2000 Schmullius et al, 1997), LAI (Imhoff et al, 1997), or above ground net immemorial productivity (Bergen et al, 1998).Le Toa n et al., (1992) used multi-polarisation L- and P-band airborne radar data, and found that the dynamic range of the radar backscatter corresponded highly with forest growth stages and is maximum at P-band HV polarization. The analysis of P-band data indicated a good correlation between the radar backscatter intensity and the main forest parameters including trunk biomass, height, age, diameter at breast height (dbh), and basal area. Dobson et al., (1992) showed an increasing range of backscatter with ever-changing biomass from C to P-band, as well as higher biomass levels at which backscatter relationships to biomass saturate. Hoekman, (1990) found poor relationships between X- and C-band backscatter and volume and other stand parameters.The spaceborne systems, such as the Seasat SAR, SIR-B, SIR-C/X-SAR and ERS-1, ERS-2, JERS, ENVISAT-ASAR and recently ALOS-PALSAR etc. were used for investigations of boreal, temperature and sub-tropical forestry test sites (Ford et al., 1988 Dobson et al., 1992 Ranson et al., 1995 Stofan et al., 1995 Rignot et al., 1995). These experiments and studies have shown that radar is sensitive to forest structural parameters including above-ground biomass (Dobson et al., 1992 Pulliainen et al., 1994 Skriver et al., 1994 Ferrazzoli et al., 1995 Ranson et al., 1996).Kasischke et al., (1997) reviewed radar data for ecological applications, including AGB estimation. It is being reported in literature that the radar backscatter in the P and L bands is highly correlated with major forest parameters, such as tree age, tree height, DBH, basal area, and AGB. In particular, SAR L-Band data have proven to be valuable for AGB estimation (Sader, 1987 Luckman et al., 1997 Kurvonen et al., 1999 Sun et al., 2002). Kuplich et al., (2000) used JERS-SAR data for AGB estimation of regenerating forests and concluded that these data had the potential to estimate AGB for young, regenerating forests. Luckman et al., (1997) found that the longer-wavelength (L -Band) SAR image was more suitable to discriminate different levels L-Band backscatter shows no sensitivity to increased biomass density after a certain threshold, such as 100 tons ha-1, indicating that it is suitable for estimating biomass of regenerating forests in tropical regions.The radar backscattering coefficient is correlated with forest biomass and stem volume (Le Toan et al. 1992 Israelsson et al., 1994 Kasischke et al., 1994, Dobson et al., 1995). The sensitivity of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data to forest stem volume increases significantly as the radar wavelength increases (Israelsson et al., 1997). The imaging process makes SAR suitable for mapping parameters related to forest biomass, like stem volume (Baker et al., 1999 Israelsson et al., 1997 Pulliainen et al., 1996), total growing stock (Balzter et al., 2000 Schmullius et al., 1997), LAI (Imhoff et al., 1997), or above ground net primary productivity (Bergen et al., 1998).The dependency of backscatter on above ground biomass was find and related to the penetration of the radiation into the canopy and interaction with the trunk, where most of the volume, therefore, biomass of the vegetation is concentrated (Sader 1987, Le Toan et al. 1992, Dobson et al. 1992). HV polarization in longer wavelengths (L or P band) is the most sensitive to above ground biomass (Sader 1987, Le Toan et al. 1992, Ranson et al. 1997a) because it originates mainly from canopy volume scattering (Wang et al. 1995), trunk scattering (Le Toan et al. 1992) and is less moved(p) by the ground surface (Ranson and Sun 1994).As forest backscatter in different wavelengths and polarizations originate from separate layers of a canopy, the use of multiple channels or multi-step approaches (e.g., Dobson et al. 1995) could be used to estimate total above-ground biomass (Kasischke et al. 1997). Sun and Ranson (1994) estimated biomass in mixed conifer temperate forest upto 250 Mg/ha.Band ratios (HH/HV and VV/VH) were also used fo r the above ground biomass estimation. However, Dobson et al. (1995) considered these band ratios too simplistic (as the corresponding backscatter will be more than higher for the few tall trees than for the many short ones), although effective in estimating biomass at higher ranges. In spite of this, a combination of bands and polarizations in a multi-step approach made possible the mapping of biomass in a mixed temperate forest upto 250 Mg/ha (Dobson et al. 1995). Establishing a strong link between backscatter and forest variables is an important part of the successful estimation of forest biomass from backscatter. Models are often used to explain the relationship between forest variables, scattering mechanisms and SAR configuration parameters (Richards 1990, Kasischke and Christensen 1990). Another approach is the use of statistical analysis, where forest variables are related to SAR backscatter by regression models (Sader 1987, Le Toan et al. 1992, Rauste et al. 1994). The comb ination of the two approaches, in most cases to assess the results of the predicted biomass or backscatter via regression (Ranson and Sun 1994, Ferrazzoli et al. 1997, Franson and Israelson 1999). Statistical procedures such as step-by-step regression analysis were also used to determine the best set of bands and pola

The effect of location decision on a business success

The proceeding of spatial relation termination on a concernage success2.1 institutionTodays emulous food market necessarys companies to deliver their products and table values as effectively and expeditiously as possible. The diffusion schema is the key to the success. One of the key comp unrivalednts of a statistical distribution ne 2rk is wargonho enforce post. localisation decision is considered as a immense-term cable strategicalal decision. The correct localization principle decision sewer resulted in signifi enduret modifyment in business surgeryes and performance, and bring competitive goods (i.e. be saving, value quality, etc.) over its competitors. On the early(a) hand, if a ill-judgedsighted spot decision was made, it could equ completelyy cost the union measure, m maviny and opportwholey. The military position decisions milieu is dynamic and normally described as a multi-criteria decision.Furtherto a greater extent, the globalisation an d the rapid evolution of information engineering stick changed the characteristics of reparation occupations. on that point ar two study trends in rapidity locating alternative accordingly to Yang and Lee (1997). First, on that point has been an increased interest to gain authorisation difference competitive edge in the global market rig. Second, small to medium-sizes communities has become more than attractive to legion(predicate) businesses as new forwardness fixture. These two trends atomic subprogram 18 influenced by the more advanced communication technology, better menu foot system, liberalised trade among countries, and so on. This allows company to select their facilities where they think has the well-nigh advantages (i.e. in land cost, labour cost, skilled labour accessibility, etc.).This chapter will blend in by nominateing why a company incur aways to improve its logistics system, indeed defining the linkage surrounded by the organisations str ategy and the logistics strategy, followed by the commonplace roles of storage storage w arho workout in distribution strategy. Then it will present the influencing placement reckons companies normally consider when they desex status decisions. And finally in the latter sectionalisation of this chapter, it will present literature reviews of decision aid techniques and rooml apply in location decisions.2.2 Logistics system and the changing business environmentwhy do we need to change our logistics operations and strategy? The of import crusade why we need to change is because the environment we live in is forever and a day and rapidly changing. In order to survive in this unforgiving environment businesses ar forced need to change. There atomic number 18 some(prenominal) factors wedded by Rushton, et al. (2006) including change magnitude customer hire, reducing product life cycle, changing technologies, increasing pressures from competitors, and so on. The pressur es for change dividen by Rushton, et al. (2006) are illustrated by the figure 1.Figure 1 Pressure influencing logistics systems2.3 Logistics strategyLogistics strategy should rank to establish the most appropriate blend of storage and transport at a given customer service level. Efficient logistics and distribution strategies should avoid the amount logistics cost and mustiness take into placard the interactions of heterogeneous the various replenishment activities in the distribution chain (Rushton, et al., 2006 Teo Shu, 2004).Chopra and Meindl (2004) suggest in that location are four drivers to a successful distribution system (1) Facilities location, capacity, operations orderology, and memory mannerology (2) Inventory cycle stock, safety inventory, seasonal inventory, and sourcing (3) raptus mode of transportation, route and meshwork design, and in-house or outsource decision and (4) Information ride or pull, coordination and information sharing, forecastin g and aggregate formulation, and enabling technologies. Bowersox and Closs (1996) suggest corresponding points but they as well as add another driver which is network design. They likewise claim that classical economics lots neglected the importance of quickness location and overall network design. Similarly but in more details, Alling and Tyndall (1994) key out ten principles that make logistics operations successful. They are (1) to link logistics to incorporate strategy (2) to organise logistics comprehensively (3) to use the power of information technology (4) to emphasize human resources recognising the importance of quality human resources (5) to form strategic alliances (6) to focus on financial performance (7) to target optimum service levels (8) to manage the details pay attention to details as it elicit be signifi enduret savings (9) to leveraging logistics mint through consolidating lading volumes, inventories and the like and (10) to measure and react to pe rformance.Furthermore, when considering a distribution strategy, entrepot strategy is an important part and typically the decision makers or logistics planners has to answer these questions (1) should warehousing facilities be owned, leased or rented, (2) what is the optimal size and number of warehouses, (3) what are the optimal locations for warehouses, (4) what product line should be stocked at for distributively(prenominal) one warehouse location, and what market areas should be serviced from each warehouse location. ( old-hat Lambert, 2001 Bowersox Closs, 1996 Simchi-Levi, et al., 2003 Bowersox Closs, 1996 Geoffrion Powers, 1995 Bender, 1994 Stock Lambert, 2001 Greasley, 2009) twin(a) logistics strategy to business strategyThe important key to achieving the strategic start is the ability of the company to give away a ease between reactivity and qualification that best matches the business strategy. Whatever strategies chose to implement by the company, in that lo cation will be impacts. And the impact of the selected logistics and distribution strategy has to be assessed against the business strategy. Often these may involve undertaking some qualitative abridgment where it is impossible to derive good numeric measures. The master(prenominal) areas of where this will impact, they are (Rushton, et al., 2006) a) Capital be this is the costs of new facilities, new equipments, and so on. In certain situations capital constraints back exclude otherwise attractive options b) operate costs the nominal run cost is frequently the main beat for alternative between options. In some cases increased operating costs tush be accepted in the light of future flexibleness c) Customer service Although options should have been developed against customer service targets, the selected short be given must be examined for the customer service level achieved. The balance of the mix might have changed in an effort to deoxidize costs. Stock held adjac ent to the customer might need to be increased to improve service reliability.2.5 Obstacles to achieving strategic FitAs many as there are many factors and influences to achieving the strategic check off in the supply chain, there are likewise many obstacles to achieving the same goal as Chopra and Meindl (2004) and some other writers mention. hardly a(prenominal) examples of the obstacles to strategic fit are a) the diversity of products the increasing variety of products tends to raise uncertainty and uncertainty tends to raise costs and reduce responsiveness within the system b) the product lifecycles the decreasing product lifecycles also tends to raise uncertainty and reduce the window of opportunity to achieving strategic fit c) the increasingly filling customer customers demand for faster fulfilment, better quality, and better prise for money for the product they buy, companies must be able to render these moreover to maintain their businesses d) the fragmentation of supply chain ownership less vertically integrated structure can result in difficult coordination to achieving strategic fit e) the effect of globalization difficulties raised by the invasion of alien players. It is noticed that these factors are the same factors which drives the need to improve logistics system as determined in section 2.2.2.6 The logistics and distribution cookery forge umpteen authors agree on the first and the most important step, when preparedness the logistics and distribution, which is to identify the objective and strategies of the organization. Then it follows by the second step which is to gain a detailed understanding of the present position of the system. The rests of the procedures are identifying the options, analysing the options, comparing and evaluating the results, and growth a planning and implementation. A diagram illustrating the onward motion to distribution planning by Rushton, et al. (2006) is shown in the figure 3 below.Figure 2 An ascend to logistics and distribution planning (Rushton, et al., 2006)2.7 Optimal number of warehousesThe optimal number of warehouses can be found by using a costing prototype, a model which takes into account of variable costs, particularly the transport and operating costs. Few facilities give low cost for inbound transport, but high cost for outward transport, as they are, on average, further away from customers. On the other hand, more number of facilities can give higher cost for inward transport, but the cost for outward transport is lower, as they are, on average, nigher to customers. Another cost that varies with the number of forwardness is the operating costs. Higher number of facilities means the company has to bear more expensive cost to operating these facilities. Operating costs also castrate with installation size. Generally, larger facilities give the economies of scale however, this is not always the case. Higher cost from operating larger facilities may c ome from the cost of supervision, communication, inefficiency and so on (Attwood Attwood, 1992 Bowersox Closs, 1996 Waters, 2003 Chopra Meindl, 2004 Rushton, et al., 2006). Figure 4 graphically illustrates the relationships between number of facilities and costs incurred.Figure 3 family relationship between costs and numbers of facilities.The need to hold inventoriesPrior to planning and designing logistics and distribution system, it is truly important to be aware of the intellectual why a company need to hold stock. The most frequent objective of a supply chain is to efficiently balancing demand and supply. As most people understand that it is impossible to precisely contemporize or balance the fates of demand with the fluctuations of supply. Therefore stocks are there to provide buffer between supply and demand. Rushton, et al. (2006) reviews the important reasons to stock, as follows a) to keep pile issue costs keeping production to run as long as possible, as the cos ts of setting up machine is often expensive b) to accommodate variation in demand to avoid stock-outs by guardianship some level of safety stock c) to take account of variable supply (lead) times to cover any delays of supplies from producers and suppliers d) to reduce purchase costs often there are administrative cost of placing an order, holding additional inventory can reduce these costs e) to take advantage of quantity discounts often goods are offered at a cheaper cost per unit if they are ordered in large quantity f) to account for seasonal fluctuations certain products are popular in a certain time of the year, retailer normally pile-up inventory during low demand season to offer the demand in high season g) to allow for price fluctuations/ surmise the price of certain products, steel for instance, fluctuate due to variety of reasons. somewhat companies buy in large quantity to cater this h) to help the production and distribution operations run more smoothly stock is held to divorce two diametrical activities i) to provide customers with immediate service stocks enables companies to provide goods and service as soon as they are required to maximise the gross sales opportunity. This is essential in highly competitive markets j) to denigrate production delays caused by lack of spare parts Breakdowns of machineries required to produce goods or service can be very costly to business. Having spare parts to attain the machineries as soon as it breakdowns is an advantage k) to facilitate the production regale by providing semi-finished stocks between different exhibites (Work-in-Progress).2.9 subprograms of warehouseWhy businesses need warehouse? There are many reasons why business needs warehouses. warehouse has many roles apart from providing storage and supplying the materials or finished goods to producers or retailers as reviewed in the prior section. In fact warehouse has many other roles and functionalities which can be classified on the basis of economics and service accordingly to Bowersox and Closs (1996). On the basis of economics, a warehouse is economically justified when the total logistical costs are reduced by providing the readiness. On the basis of service, a warehouse is justified when the overall logistical system can provide a better service, in term of time and place capability.Here are some common roles of a warehouse (Bowersox Closs, 1996 Higginson Bookbinder, 2005 Rushton, et al., 2006)Role as a make-bulk/break-bulk consolidation centre make bulk and breaking bulk are traditional functions of a warehouse/DC. In a break-bulk facility, large incoming loads are aggregated, often for product mixing and to create consolidated out- bound shipments. A make-bulk facility, or consolidation centre, com- bines small quantities of several products in fewer, larger assortments.Role as a cross-docking station Cross-docking is a process where the product is received, occasionally unite with differ ent products going out to the same destination, and then shipped at their soonest opportunity without being stored. Cross-docking has many benefits, including faster product flow, no inventory pile-up, reduced product handling, and reduce cost due to elimination of those activities.Role as a transhipment facility transhipment refers to a process of taking a shipment out of one fomite and loading it onto another. It unless occurs when there is a good reason to change transportation modes or vehicle eccentric persons.Role as an assembly facility Hewlett Packards distribution centre is a good example of the role as an assemble facility. It also benefits from the composition of postponement which allows product differentiation until later stages. Products are designed to use generic parts and assemble at the warehouse.Role as a product-fulfilment centre the major function is to find the products that are ordered and right off deliver them to the final customer. Amazon.com wareho use is a good example.Role as depot for returned goods the major functions are to inspect and separate the returned good into those that can be repaired, repackaged, resale, or recycled.2.10 Transportation wherefore to Chopra and Meindl (2004), the target level of service the company sets determines the role of transportation in a company competitive strategy. If the company is targeting customers whose main criterion is price, then the company can use transportation to lower the cost of the product at the expense of reponsiveness. precisely more often companies tries to achieve the right balance between efficiency and responsiveness using both inventory and transportation.Often in logistics plannings, decision to make to make any changes based on the costs of transportation. Accordingly to Rushton, et al. (2006), the transportation costs can be broken into three main character references. The first one is the fit(p) costs these costs must be borne whether the vehicles run for 10 or 100 kilometres and might include the depreciations of the vehicles, the endorse fees, the insurance, etc. And these may vary from one vehicle to another depending on various reasons. The second type is the variable costs these costs vary in relation to the activity of the vehicles, i.e. how far the vehicle travelled. The most frank example of a variable of cost is the fuel cost. And the last type is the overhead costs these costs are indirect costs that are borne by the whole fleet of vehicles. They may be the usual business overheads that are required to run the vehicles, i.e. staff salaries, telephone, internet, and other administrative expenses.2.11 Location decision objectivesWarehouse site selection is a complex process involving multiple, both qualitative and quantitative, criteria. And often location decisions have more than one objective depending on the organisations objectives and strategies. Current, et al., (1990) classified the objectives for facility location problems into four normal categories namely (1) Cost minimisation (2) Demand Oriented (3) Profit maximation (4) Environment concern, and often these objectives are found to overlap each other. For sell business, cost minimisation and profit maximisation are often the main objectives.2.12 The influences of warehouse site location selectionIt is important to effectively identify potential locations for the new warehouses. Typically, these locations must satisfy a variety of conditions and the potential locations should meet all the requirements. The potential locations should take into account the future demand and that the decision should have an impact on the firm for at to the lowest degree the next three to five years (Simchi-Levi, et al., 2003).Many authors (Chase, et al., 2004 Barnes, 2008) suggested that the choice of facilities location is influenced by two principles. The first one is the need to locate close to customer due to time-based competition, trade agreement, an d transportation cost. And the second one is the need to locate close to the access to resources such as labour, raw material, and specia propensity skills and capabilities. Often the two principles are taken into account when an organization makes a decision on the choice of location. The characteristics of operations of business (i.e. Manufacturer or service provider) will govern the weight of factors should be taken into account.Barnes (2008) looked at the location decision on the international perspective where the influential facility location factors are more in numbers and level of complexity. However, these factors can be adapted and used for domestic facility location. Here is the list of major factors which in themselves comprises of several sub-factors given by Barnes (2008) Costs undertaking characteristics Infrastructure Proximity to suppliers Proximity to market/customers Proximity to parent company facilities Proximity to competition Quality of life Legal and regu latory framework Economic factors Government and policy-making factors Social and cultural factors and Characteristic of a specific location.Bowersox and Closs (1996) concentrated on the warehouse location analysis in the context of logistical network strategy. He discusses about three warehouse location patterns namely Market-Positioned Warehouse, Manufacturing-Positional Warehouse, and Intermediately Positioned Warehouse. They imply the similar idea of the two principles suggested by Chase, et al. (2004) and Barnes (2008). They also discussed the warehouse location from the base of transportation economies and from the viewpoint of inventory economies. Furthermore they incorporate the concept of Least-Total-Cost system where the heart and soul of total inventory cost and transportation cost is minimal to design the warehouse network.The conditions or attributes of potential warehouse locations reviewed from many literatures are messagemarised as followsSite-related factorsregi onal factorsLand cost/size/soil characteristics/ drainageProximity to marketConstruction costs/leasing cost/renting costsProximity to suppliersTransportation facilities/costProximity to competitorsZoning restrictionsProximity to industryCommunity factorsgeographic characteristicsQuality of life/cost of livingweather characteristicsPublic facility accessibilityLabour cost/availability/skillTaxesEnergy availability/costEnvironment regulationTelecommunication facilityLocal presidential term validate/incentivesPolitical matters and regulationSustainabilityTransportation infrastructure2.13 Methods and techniques in facility location problemsIn this section, we will review the methods, techniques, and approaches found in a number of literatures.Bowersox and Closs (1996) claim that a sophisticated modelling and analysis techniques are required in location decision because the location analysis is very complex and data-intense. The complexity is created because of the number of locations multiplied by the alternative location sites multiplied by the stocking strategies for each location. Meanwhile, the data intensity is caused by the requirement of detailed demand and transportation information. Furthermore, the facility site selection process is complicated by the impact of environment legislation and related political issues (Bowersox Closs, 1996).Thai and Grewal (2005) suggest the conceptual framework of location selection for distribution centre that consists of three main stages. The first stage is a general geographical area for distribution centre is identified based on the subject matter-of-Gravity principle. The second stage is the identification of location alternatives of distribution centre and touch base gateway airports/seaports. At this stage a qualitative approach should be applied. The third and final stage concentrates on the specific site selection based on the quantitative approach, i.e. The distribution centre should be place where the integr ation of volumes transported and length involved is minimum and also the total distribution cost is minimum.2.13.1 Decision-aid Techniques and ModelsSeveral operations management books (Stevenson, 2007 Barnes, 2008 Greasley, 2009) have their sections on facility location selection techniques and some common influencing factors as reviewed in the previous section. Accordingly to works of Simchi-Levi, et al. (2003), Rushton, et al. (2006), and Bowersox and Closs (1996), there are three categories for tools used to support location analysis. The first type is the analytic techniques. The second type techniques are the numerical optimisation techniques which can be subdivided into two types the exact algorithms that find least-cost ascendant and the heuristics algorithms that find good solution. And the third type of techniques is cloak models that provide a mechanism to evaluate specific design alternatives created by designer. The pretext models will not, however, be included in t he discussion.Accordingly to Randhawa and West (1995), the facility location problem can be approached by considering the location assay space as continuous or discrete. Continuous space allows facilities to be located anywhere in the two-dimensional space it normally assumes that the transportation costs are proportional to some distance measure between the facilities. Though easy to solve, the continuous approach may yield ethereal results. The discrete space approach limits the number of possible locations to a mortal set of predetermined sites, and the transportation costs are not of necessity function of distances.Four common types of techniques found on these books namely (1) the nitty-gritty of Gravity Method i.e. finding a location that minimises the distribution costs (2) the Locational Cost-Volume analysis i.e. comparing the total costs between location alternatives by graph plotting (3) the Factor Scoring i.e. finding the location alternative with highest entangle d score and (4) the Transportation model i.e. a linear programing model that shows location alternative with the most optimal solution (the lowest costs).2.13.2 The Centre of Gravity MethodThe Centre of Gravity Method (CoG) is a method for locating a distribution centre that minimises the distribution costs. The main impudence of this method is the distribution cost is a linear function of the distance and the quantity transported, and that the quantity transported is restore for the duration of the journey (Stevenson, 2007 Greasley, 2009). The locations of destinations are presented on the map with coordinate X and Y in an accurate scale. The location of the distribution point should be located at the centre of gloominess of the coordination calculate by these following equationsWhere= Quantity to be transported to destination i= x coordination of destination i= y coordination of destination i= x coordinate of centre of gravitation= y coordinate of centre of gravityThis tec hnique is commonly used to solve location problems at a macro level. The method is applied to solve location problems in many fields other than location of a distribution centre such as school, fire centres, community centres, and such, taking into consideration location of hospitals, macrocosm density, highways, airports, and businesses (Stevenson, 2007).Bender (1994) argues that the CoG approach had became obsolete because of the replacement of other computerised approach including linear programming. He also discusses the limitation of the approach which ignores all constraints, such as capacity, financial, operational, legal, and all cost other than transportation. It is also assume that all the transportation costs are directly proportional to distance, and independent of the means of traffic.2.13.3 Locational Cost-Volume AnalysisThis method is an economic comparison of location alternatives which involves determining the fixed and variable costs for each location alternative . The method indicates which location is desirable for a particular volume level by analysing the mix of fixed and variable costs. The fixed cost plus variable costs line is plotted for each location alternative on the graph and the location with the lowest total cost line at the expected volume level is chosen. A total revenue line can also be plotted on the same graph to compare which location alternative has the earliest breakeven point if the objective is to consider the quickest breakeven location (Stevenson, 2007). The equation for expressing the cost isWhereTC = Total distribution costVC = multivariate cost per unitX = Number of units producedFC = Fixed costsThis type of economic analysis is very common tool to compare which options have the highest rate of return and is not only limited to location problems. However, Stevenson (2007) suggests that, in most situations, it is very important that other factors other than costs must also be considered. The Locational cost-volu me analysis alone is not sufficient to make decision.2.13.4 Factor Rating MethodThe Factor Scoring method is sometimes known as heavy scoring or point rating, which attempts to take a range of considerations into account when choosing a location. Then technique starts by indentifying the relevant factors, then assign a weight to each factor that indicate the importance compared with other factors, given that all the weight sum up to one. Scores then have to be given by decision makers to each factor for all location alternatives. The total weighted scores for each location alternative are then calculated by multiplying the factor weight by the score for each factor, and sum the results for each location alternative. The alternative with highest score is chosen unless it fails to meet the minimum threshold, if there is one (Stevenson, 2007).The drawback of this method is identifying and determining the appropriate factors and weighting for each factor. Factors like quality of living and labour attitude are nonphysical factors and hard to quantify. Greasley (2009) suggested an approach to compare the indubitable and intangible asset factors by conducting an intangible factors only assessment by the method, and then determine if the difference between the intangible scores is worth the cost of the difference in tangible costs between the location alternatives.Data collection, statistical estimates, optimization and simulation models, and economic analysis are some of the methods used to assess quantitative attributes. Qualitative attributes represent subjective factors for which it is generally difficult to define a natural measurement scale. Descriptive classes or interval scales (for example, 0 to 10) can be established to enable a numerical value to be assigned to represent how a site scores with respect to a particular attribute (Randhawa West, 1995).Linear computer programming and location problemsLinear Programming is one of the most widely used strat egic and tactical logistics planning tools. The transportation model helps decision maker to decide the facility location based on the transportation costs. The model is very useful as it can compare the resulting total costs for each location alternative. other costs like production costs can also be included in the model by determining the cost on a per-unit basis for each location. There are three major pieces of information needed to use the model as following (Stevenson, 2007 Balakrishman, et al., 2007) a) list of origins and each ones supply quantity per period b) list of the destinations and each ones demand per period and c) the unit cost of transporting items from each origin to each destination. The method can be used to solve for optimal or near-optimal locations. heretofore though the optimisation models are designed to provide an optimal solution, they can be used to analyze a problem under different scenarios (different combinations of constraints and cost parameters ). The result would be a set of location alternatives that are the preferred choices under different operating conditions. Furthermore, examination of a solution will generally result in the identification of more than one specific site. Such sites may then be further canvass and compared using a multi-criteria model (Randhawa West, 1995).There are many types of mathematical programming models and they can be classified accordingly a variety of conditions. Aikens (1985) classified distribution location models accordingly to a) whether the underlying distribution network (arcs and/or modes) is capacitated or incapacitate b) the number of warehouse echelons, or levels (zero, single, or multiple) c) the number of commodities (single or multiple) d) the underlying cost structure for arcs and/or nodes (linear or nonlinear) e) whether planning horizon is static or dynamic f) the patterns of demand (e.g. settled or stochastic, influence of location, etc.) g) The ability to accommodate side constraints (e.g. single-sourcing, choice of only one from candidate subset, etc.).Aiken (1985) gives some examples of types of distribution location mathematical programming models a) Simple incapacitated facility location model b) Simple incapacitated multi-echelon facility location model c) Multi-commodity incapacitated facility location model d) Dynamic incapacitated facility location model e) Capacitated facility location models f) Generalised capacitated facility location model g) Stochastic capacitated facility location model and h) Multi-commodity capacitated single-echelon facility location model.Diabat, et al. (2009) also show that the techniques can be applied to solve location-inventory problems which finds the number of warehouses to establish , their locations, the customers that are assigned to each warehouse, and the size and time of orders for each warehouse so as to minimise the sum of inventory. Melo, et al. (2009) review many literatures related to facility location problem that show that linear prog

The Daily Problems Of Foreign Language Learners English Language Essay

The Daily Problems Of Foreign manner of speaking Learners English speech EssayLanguage learning is a very complex puzzle out and foreign language learners face long number of problems daily, while they listen diametrical strategies and educational tools to master the foreign language in the trump out possible appearance. atomic number 53 of the aras which seems have do trouble for language learners is the matter-of-f displace competence which has also drawn attention of those who ar interested in language teaching to itself. Pragmatic competence . . . is understood as the familiarity of the lingual resources available in a crapn language for realising cross illocutions, knowledge of the sequential aspects of deliverance acts, and fin everyy, knowledge of the appropriate contextual use of the particular languages lingual resources (Anne Barron, 2003 10). Pragmatic rules atomic number 18 essential for a successful interaction with different people for language le arners and they should learn them the right way, otherwise it leave alone lead to misunderstanding or total failure of conveying and receiving the nub and the speaker lead unintentionally be considered as rude or insensitive individual. The research that here wants to be reviewed wants to find what are differences among kind of refusal strategies of EFL learners in situations that deals with hard-nosed competence (Allami Naeimi, 2009). The Researchers found that cultural factors hornswoggle great role in learners conceptualization and verbalization of the speech acts, so far though the learners may have access to wide range of speech acts and realization strategies as essential speakers do as well.Research Questions one-third questions which were posed in the research are as follow (Allami Naeimi, 2009)1. What are the most common semantic formulas utilize by Persian learners at varied prociency directs with regard to the contextual variables of the circumstance of i nterlocutors ( high, capable, or land) and the eliciting acts (requests, invitations, offers, and suggestions)?2. What are the areas of difference between Iranian EFL learners and Ameri toilette speakers with regard to the strategies employed to guard refusals?3. If Iranian EFL learners refusals are different from those of the American primordial speakers, does the L2 prociency of the Iranian learners affect their possible pragmatic transfer or not? supposititious frameworkDifferent studies have tried to show that if learners want to give appropriate speech act to a given speech vitrine pragmatic competence has a major role in it. Fraser dened pragmatic competence as the knowledge of how an addressee determines what a speaker is saying and recognizes mean illocutionary force conveyed through subtle attitudes in the speakers utterance (Allami Naeimi, 2009 2). Rintell is one of educatee who has worked deeper than the other scholars in field of speech acts and he believes that L2 learners utterances for whatsoever particular proposition communications purposes are because of their pragmatic ability (2009 2). In addition, L2 learners should have ample knowledge of L2 sociocultural limitations so that they would have acceptable pragmatic level. gibe to Wolfson choosing appropriate pragmatic strategies is crucial for speech act ability (2009 2). Moreover, fond class and gloss have launch on choosing those strategies. The main possible action which Allami and Naeimi have tried to focused on is that the different cultures and languages make different pragmatic competence in the minds of people and there is a goodly chance that learners L1 interfere with learners L2 pragmatic competence, even though their command of L2 can be very good.Methodology of ResearchThere are leash questions which were posed by researchers and they were mentioned earlier (Allami Naeimi, 2009 2). Researchers used experimental research mode in which independent variables were learners language proficiency ( turn away-intermediate, intermediate and upper-intermediate) status of interlocutors (lower, pair and higher) and types of eliciting acts (requests, invitations, offer and suggestions) and the dependent measures were the realization of the strategies. The researchers chose 30 musicians which their native language is Iranian and all of them were undergraduate males, inside the age range of 16 and 29. The information used in the research was collected through a written Discourse Completion Test (DCT) which was in the form of a questionnaire presented some natural situations to which the actents were expected to respond when making refusals. The reason why 30 participants were chose was that it has been claimed that in using the DCT for interlanguage speech act studies, questionnaires with 30 subjects will serve as an appropriate guide (2009 5). The participants were divided into three different groups of 10 upper-intermediate, 10 intermediate and 10 lower-intermediate students at a Language Institute in Yazd. In assemble to have a disposed(p) cross-linguistic examination of the speech act of refusal responses to the same DCT conducted by other American researcher were also analyzed. There were 37 Americans responses to the same DCT which was conducted by Kwon (2009 5). The American participants in the research were between 18 and 22 days of age and they were all students from Boston. The DCT consisted of three requests, three invitations and three asks a esteem of the other person. In each situation type were supposed to abandon a person of higher status, one to a person of equal status, and one to a person of lower status. There were a endorse group of participants who were asked to answer DCT which was translated into Persian and the purpose of designing this DCT was to compare semantic formulas used by Persian native speakers with those of the EFL learners. DCT was given to learners and they were asked not to work out about the given situations thoroughly and they are just supposed to respond quickly. All of the respondents returned their papers within 20-30 minutes and the researcher were there all the time while the subjects were writing the answers. The Reponses were compared in terms of language forms with the 31 native speakers responses in Persian, and with 37 native speakers responses in English. Researchers in order to be analytically honest analyzed components of each speech act present in the responses the produced refusals were parsed into strategies (2009 6).Data AnalysisTaxonomy of refusal developed by Beebe was the stern of coding all selective information in the research. Units used in analytic thinking were semantic formulas. According to Cohen definition of semantic formula is a word, phrase, or sentence that meets a particular semantic criterion or dodging any one or more of these can be used to perform the act in questions (Allami Naeimi, 2009 6). Through this study ne w categories of semantic formulas were identified. Number of strategies in each refusal indicated complexity of speech act of refusal. The just number of semantic formulas used by the American respondents, Iranian Persian speakers and EFL learners were 4.00, 3.10 and 3.30 respectively. Regarding numbers which were gained it was shown that Americans use more semantic formulas, but variety of Iranians strategies were importantly more. Analyzing each of the semantic formulas in detail is a big parturiency so researchers focused on similarities and differences among three groups of American native speakers, Iranian EFL learners and Persian native speakers answering the translated DCT. Another factor which was taken into consideration was the shift of frequencies of semantic formulas regarding the status of interlocutors. For higher status a boss, lower status an employee, a salesman, a student and a cleaning gentlewoman and for equal status a classmate and a friend were used.Argumen ts one(a) of the things that researchers of this article are looking for is whether L1 might influence the L2 or not (Allami Naeimi, 2009 15). Majority of EFL learners cannot have interaction with native speakers therefore they do not have good knowledge of semantic formulas or the way they should be used in different situations. Linguistic and cultural differences affect the way language is used by the language learners because the way people tin a speech act regarding a speech event is culture bound. Iranian learners are more sensitive about the status level of interlocutor and used different strategies, whereas Americans used a same material body regardless of the status level. In other words, Iranians are more interested with the face saving act rather than Americans. Americans are more proper(postnominal) and clear in their responses rather than Iranians. The researchers work result was along with dictatorial correlation hypothesis which was suggested by Takahashi and Beeb e, in which language proficiency has effect on pragmatic transfer (2009 16).Article ResultsSome of interesting findings in the research were as followIranian English learners were depending on their native culture-specific refusal strategies was the direct refusalAmericans subjects were more concrete and specific when it came to refusing a high status person in comparison with Iranian participants in the study.The main purpose of doing this research among Iranian EFL learners was because of lack attention to sociocultural and sociolinguistic factors. If EFL learners are not aware these factors it will lead to their misunderstanding of the concept in real-life situations when they are communicating with native speakers. The outcomes of this research supported that there is great difference between using speech acts in different cultures and languages. Teachers of befriend language should increase students knowledge level of target language pragmatic competence and how they should d eal with different speech events in proper way. destinationThe researchers have tried to go deep and find why EFL learners do not interact in the same way as native speakers do especially when it comes to speech acts which in this research refusal was the case. One of good points about this research is that in the procedure of it researchers tried to be as honest as possible by considering all the aspects in their data analysis. Another good point about this research was previous studies which were through in the same field by different researchers, therefore the researchers made a laid a good background and comparison in their task. However, there are some downsides in this research as well. One of the shortcomings in the research is lack elaboration for status of a person in the cultures of Iran and America. According to Foley understanding of what kind of person they are vis--vis the other interlocutor is embodied in their chassis. To the extent they rate of higher rank, the ha bitus will enact that proper demeanor in bodily and linguistic practices (Foley, 1997 260). If someone does not know exact definition of person within a culture and society then certainly he or she will not interact properly in that culture or society the person is a social concept made up of local notions of the ones rights and obligations, and hence varies crossculturally (Foley, 1997 263).Another problem was choosing only males as participant in this research. Woods believed that gender has a great role in conversations especially at work place the gender was the most meaning(a) factor determining speech behavior, more important than status. With respect to patterns of interruption, higher status people were more likely to interrupt successfully than lower status conversational partners, but men of lower status were mute usually successful in interrupting a higher status egg-producing(prenominal) speaker (Foley, 1997 294).

Role of Nature in the Evolution of Modern Cities

Role of Nature in the Evolution of Modern Cities

What extent is Psychopathy a disorder of empathy

What extent is Psychopathy a inconvenience of empathyCurrent literature pose a wishing of empathy as one of the most distinguishing symptoms of psychopathy (APA, 1994). commonly found amongst the detailor one items of diagnostic criteria, it is valued as constituent of the core psychopathic personality essential to understanding the disorder (Kantor 2006). It is, for role model both common and plausible to attribute the recidivistic violation of social, moralistic and licit norms (characteristic to psychopathy) to a distinct insufficiency of empathy. Paradoxically, exclusives with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) ar also claimed to lack empathy, to that extent the discrepancies between the disorders (psychopathy and ASD) raise questions as to whether such claims ar fully justified. some of these discrepancies include (a) the in world power to multifariousness attachments in psychopathy versus the ability to do so in ASD (b) A devotion in psychopathy vs. a degree of mo rality in ASD (Frith de Vignemont 2007) (c) Sadistic, premeditated and inexcusable antisocial behavior in pyshcopathy vs. gratis(p) and excusable antisocial behaviour in ASD (Hansman Hummelen 2006).This essay depart explore the great extent to which Psychopathy (compared to ASD) formulates a significant disorder of empathy. It will selectively and briefly address (a) the role of empathy in typically develop individuals (b) the definition of empathy and the type of empathic deficits present in Psychopathic and ASD populations (c) empathic dysfunction as an essential determinant of psychopathic tendencies.Empathy is said to be the cornerstone of morality central to the development and maintenance of friendships and romantic relationships. The ability to understand another persons perspective and share in their emotional pronounce (Baron- Cohen 2003) puts constraints on impulsivity, inhibits violent and aggressive behaviour and hence strengthens sociability (Stoff, Breiling Maser 1997). at the same time the absence of empathy produces adverse/opposite effects (stoff et al 1997), most of which (in its entirety) are manifest in Psychopaths .Empathy has not escaped the common setback of macrocosm defined and used in an couch of ways by an range of authors (Hoffman, 1987) but for the purpose of this essay, empathy will be acknowledged in damage of its cognitive, affectional (and motor) components.The cognitive component of Empathy encompasses Theory of beware or mind reading, which entails the capacity to understand another persons feelings and take their perspective (Baron- Cohen 2008 pg 62). Interestingly, Psychopaths do, to a accredited extent possess the ability to understand the feelings and perspective of others, in fact they must do to be so successfully manipulative. Consistent with this, Psychopaths are unimpaired on measures of possible action of mind, even when tested on the progress theory of mind test (Blair 2005).They are superb mind readers enabling them to deceive and swindle other people( Frith 2003) as well as imitate empathy for their own gain (motor empathy). Dangerously mistaken for being charming, likable and a great success with the ladies (Cleckely), psychopaths possess skills (if I may call it that) to sciolisticly blend into society and cognitively identify (not emotionally) with the perspective of others. At this superficial level of interaction and continuous masking of sanity, psychopaths can never form genuine attachments empathic deficits result in self centeredness ,disregard for others emotions , impulsivity, behavioural problems and a lack of remorse confirmed by an inability to sustain capacious term relationships, parasitic lifestyle and promiscuous sexual behaviour (Hare 1991). ill individuals however, differ from psychopaths on both cognitive and behavioural levels (Rogers, Vidina, Blair, Frith Happe 1997). They lack theory of mind profoundly, have difficulty in interpreting /predi cting the intentions, behaviour and thoughts of others (Frith 2003) and thusly cannot socially interact, even on the superficial level that psychopaths do. The sight lack of empathic behaviours in ASD may be attributed to the inability to mentalize or powerful evaluate social situations (e.g. distress in others), resulting in antisocial behaviour (e.g. social withdrawal,) misinterpreted as uncaring (Rogers et al 1997). According to Blair (1999), once ill individuals are aware of others mental states, appropriate emotional responses are given. sick individuals can also form strong attachments to caregivers (Sigman Capps 1997). There is no cognitive empathic deficit in psychopathy only the manipulation of their full form, to their own ends. The antisocial behaviour (comprising factor two of diagnosis) is often premeditated, exploitatory and repetitive (Hansmen Hummelen 2006) indicative of a Psychopaths inability to empathise with the emotional impaction on their victims.Psychopa ths lack the emotional component of empathy which is defined as an affective response more appropriate to someone elses situation than to ones own (Hoffman, 1987 p.48). However, with manipulation of cognitive empathy, psychopaths are able to exercise motor empathy in order to substantiate and disguise the reality that they are without emotional empathy. This lack of emotional empathy equates to the inability to connect emotionally with ones perspective, thus producing impaired/ opposed responses as a result. Psychopaths have selectively impaired emotional treat (Hare 1991) (relative to controls) they show significantly reduced autonomic responses to expression of fear and tribulation as well as aversive events (Blair 1999). Supporting evidence is the dysfunction (hypo activation and reduced volumes) of the amgydala (key in emotional processing) and orbio frontal cortex observed in Psychopathic populations. Autistic individuals however, show physiological responses to others distr ess, indicative of inviolable emotional empathy, possibly accounting for their ability to distinguish between moral and conventional rules whilst psychopaths cannot (Blair 2005).Impairments in emotional empathy predispose Psychopaths to the characteristics that are the bedrock of the disorder e.g. Shallow affect, callousness, behavioural problems, and lack of guilt, and the extent to which this is true become overstated when Psychopathy is compared to ASD. Without Depreciating the cognitive, social and emotional deficits present in ASD ill individuals are loveable and respond to love, affection, fear and anxiety (Quinn Quinn 2006 pp), suggesting emotional empathy may not require the ability mentalize. Critically speaking, Psychopathic tendencies do reflect biologically predisposed deviances in emotion, personality traits and behaviour and may foot from an array of (other) deficits in e.g. (a) processing of general emotions but specifically oppose affect , (b) passive avoidance learning , (c) behavioural inhibition , and (d) power inhibition mechanisms (Herve Yuille 2007). Yet although investigators place varied emphasis on individual deficits, empathic dysfunction has its (cause or effect) role to play in many of them. Appreciating the unlikelihood for any one explanation, of any disorder to suffice we finish on the note that psychopathy is a disorder of empathy to a genuinely great extent yet not without additional and intermingling deficits.

Essay --

Lle Sainte-Hlne est situe au milieu de lAtlantique Sud, 1930 km stilbestrol ctes africaines soit 1900 km de lAngola et 3500 km du Brsil. Cest un petit territoire de 410 km constituant un territoire britannique doutre-mer.Napolon Ier, lEmpereur dchu shoot les Franais, le gnral Buonaparte pour les Anglais, ne vcut que six annes sur llot rocheux de Sainte-Hlne, bien loin du thtre de sa vie. Pourtant, ces annes disolement et de retraite force furent certainement la priode de son existence la plus riche en matire de bibliographie.Cette premire partie dune bibliographie qui en comptera trois, dresse la liste diethylstilboestrol crits produits durant les annes dexil et le retour diethylstilboestrol Cendres.Ce fut tout dabord le temps des mmoires dicts ses compagnons dexil, dans lesquels Napolon imposa la postrit son interprtation des faits.De larrive Portsmouth lagonie, les tmoins, quils soient Franais ou Anglais, fidles parmi les fidles ou simples visiteurs, eurent cur de livre r leurs impressions. Leurs tmoignages sont multiples et permettent de agency le dcor et de voir vivre les protagonistes de lhistoire.Lloignement gographique ne signifia pas loubli et le dsintrt de lEurope pour Napolon. Le sujet restait brlant et les mmoires vives. Les libraires proposaient de nombreux ouvrages, des compilations et adaptations des textes de Sainte-Hlne, des descriptions de lle et tout un fatras de pomes, odes et pamphlets sur lhomme qui simposa sur le continent pendant quinze ans.Enterr au Val des Graniums, sous une simple dalle sans mention de son nom, Napolon ne pouvait rester anonyme. En 1840, une frgate franaise aborda lle pour procder la translation des Cendres vers Paris et les... ...ivant dans un pays aux frontires amputes depuis 1815, de nombreux Franais se souvinrent avec regret des grands moments de lpoque impriale.Alors que de nombreuses lithographies taient diffuses, nombreux furent ceux qui oublirent le despote, se remmorant lhomme qui avait prit Vien ne, Berlin, capital of Spain et Moscou. Le corps de Napolon, enterr sur lle de Sainte Hlne, fut finalement rapatri Paris en 1840. Il fut alors install aux Invalides, o lon peut encore ly trouver aujourdhui.Depuis le XIX sicle, le destin de Napolon nen finit pas de fasciner et dexciter les esprits Empereur 35 ans, matre de lEurope 43 ans, mort en exil 52 ans. Ainsi, lon estime quil fut statistiquement publi un livre par jour parlant de Napolon depuis le jour de son dcs. Aujourdhui encore, Napolon reste lhomme le plus connu au monde aprs Jgenus Sus Christ

Chemical Castration and Physical Castration Essay -- Recidivism of Sex

A censorious Analysis of the Effects of chemical Castration and sensual Castration on the Recidivism Rates of provoke offendersIntroductionThis newsprint examines the effect of chemical expurgation and corporal castration on the recidivism evaluate of arouse wrongdoers. Using supposition integration or the multifactor approach, the findings reveal there argon several factors influencing finish up offender recidivism. Both chemical castration and physical castration hold back the potential to reduce the recidivism rates of ride offenders by lowering testoster champion take aims, change magnitude sexual urges, and making sexual urges more manageable if the sexual urges be motivated by increased testosterone levels. Based on theory integration, closely sex offences are not motivated by an increased testosterone level but innate biological features, psychological disorders, and tender factors making chemical castration and physical castration ineffective in curing closely origins of sexual deviance.Literature ReviewThis paper presents a critical compend of the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on the recidivism rates of sex offenders. In this paper, the term sex offender is defined as a person who has been convicted of a sex horror and released back into the partnership either directly aft(prenominal) sentencing or after serving while in prison for the commission of the sex nuisance. It should be noted that twain men and women commit criminal sex acts, however, this paper will counseling on the male offender.First and fore closely, it is of prime enormousness to clarify the temper of appall and sex crimes. According to Groth and Birnbaums direct in men Who go against the Psychology of the Offender (1979), the motivation for rape and sex crimes stems most commonly from anger and the need to dominate, terrify, and humiliate ones victim, not from pent-up sexual desire. Rape is an act of vehemence in which sex is used as a weapon (Benedict, 1992, p.14). Rape is used to reserve ones victim in the equivalent way a gun is used to control a retentiveness clerk in a robbery. Both are methods of control in order to compensate what one wants. The majority of men cannot even accept an erection or ejaculate during the commission of a sex crime ( men against Sexual Violence, 2003). irrelevant to popular belief, rape is not the fulfillment of an likewise stimulated libido it is principally a tool to exert power everywhere a victim.Sex c... ...etreived November 26, 2003 from http//www.rainn.org/statistics.htmlRecidivism of Sex Offenders. (2001). Center for Sex Offender Management. Retrieved on October 19, 2003 fromhttp//www.csom.org/pubs/recidsexof.htmlRice, M.E., Quinsey, V.L., & Harris, G.T. (1991). Sexual recidivism among tyke molesters released from a maximum security institution. Journal of Consultingand clinical Psychology, 59, 381-386.Rosler, A. & Witztum, E. (1998). Treatment of M en with Paraphilia with a Long-Acting Analogue of Gonadotropin-Releasing Horomone. The untried EnglandJournal of Medicine, 338, 416-422Scalora, M. & Garbin, C. (2003). A Multivariate Analysis of Sex Offender Recidivism. world-wide Journal of Offender Therapy and ComparativeCriminology, 47(3), 309-323Thornberry, Terence P. Reflections on the advantages and disadvantages of theortical integration. Theoretical Integration in the Study of digression and Crime. Ed Messner, Krohn, and Liska. University of New York Press. Albany NY. 1989.Tolbert, Tracy. (2004). Criminal jurist 404 Crime Theory, Causation, and controller Lecture Notes. California State University, Long Beach. (Unpublished) Chemical Castration and Physical Castration Essay -- Recidivism of SexA Critical Analysis of the Effects of Chemical Castration and Physical Castration on the Recidivism Rates of Sex OffendersIntroductionThis paper examines the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on t he recidivism rates of sex offenders. Using theory integration or the multifactor approach, the findings reveal there are several factors influencing sex offender recidivism. Both chemical castration and physical castration have the potential to reduce the recidivism rates of sex offenders by lowering testosterone levels, diminishing sexual urges, and making sexual urges more controllable if the sexual urges are motivated by increased testosterone levels. Based on theory integration, most sex offences are not motivated by an increased testosterone level but innate biological features, psychological disorders, and social factors making chemical castration and physical castration ineffective in curing most origins of sexual deviance.Literature ReviewThis paper presents a critical analysis of the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on the recidivism rates of sex offenders. In this paper, the term sex offender is defined as a person who has been convicted of a sex cri me and released back into the community either directly after sentencing or after serving time in prison for the commission of the sex crime. It should be noted that both men and women commit criminal sex acts, however, this paper will focus on the male offender.First and foremost, it is of prime importance to clarify the nature of rape and sex crimes. According to Groth and Birnbaums study in Men Who Rape the Psychology of the Offender (1979), the motivation for rape and sex crimes stems most commonly from anger and the need to dominate, terrify, and humiliate ones victim, not from pent-up sexual desire. Rape is an act of violence in which sex is used as a weapon (Benedict, 1992, p.14). Rape is used to control ones victim in the same way a gun is used to control a store clerk in a robbery. Both are methods of control in order to get what one wants. The majority of men cannot even sustain an erection or ejaculate during the commission of a sex crime (Men against Sexual Violence, 200 3). Contrary to popular belief, rape is not the fulfillment of an overly stimulated libido it is primarily a tool to exert power over a victim.Sex c... ...etreived November 26, 2003 from http//www.rainn.org/statistics.htmlRecidivism of Sex Offenders. (2001). Center for Sex Offender Management. Retrieved on October 19, 2003 fromhttp//www.csom.org/pubs/recidsexof.htmlRice, M.E., Quinsey, V.L., & Harris, G.T. (1991). Sexual recidivism among child molesters released from a maximum security institution. Journal of Consultingand Clinical Psychology, 59, 381-386.Rosler, A. & Witztum, E. (1998). Treatment of Men with Paraphilia with a Long-Acting Analogue of Gonadotropin-Releasing Horomone. The New EnglandJournal of Medicine, 338, 416-422Scalora, M. & Garbin, C. (2003). A Multivariate Analysis of Sex Offender Recidivism. International Journal of Offender Therapy and ComparativeCriminology, 47(3), 309-323Thornberry, Terence P. Reflections on the advantages and disadvantages of theortical in tegration. Theoretical Integration in the Study of Deviance and Crime. Ed Messner, Krohn, and Liska. University of New York Press. Albany NY. 1989.Tolbert, Tracy. (2004). Criminal Justice 404 Crime Theory, Causation, and Control Lecture Notes. California State University, Long Beach. (Unpublished)

Schindlers List Essay -- essays research papers

PLOT SUMMARYThe movie Schindlers magnetic dip is a compelling, real-life depiction of the events that occurred during the 1940s. It illustrates the persecution and horrific killings of the Judaic citizenry. It also exemplifies the hope and pull up stakes of the Jewish people, which undoubtedly is a factor in the survival of their race. The ab bulge important factor however is because of the departingness of one man, Oskar Schindler, to stand out and exercise a difference.The movie starts out in a Jewish home, where a Jewish family is celebrating the Sabbath. Candles argon lit while songs atomic number 18 sung, and when the Jews leave the house, the candles slowly burn out. The German forces hit just defeated the Polish, and presently the Jews are being forced out of their homes. They are reporting to the train transmit where they register their names, and then are shipped off to Krakow. In Krakow the Jews are collect together in the ghetto where they are forced to live in overcrowded conditions. The Judenrat, a Jewish council, organizes the Jews into working groups according to their abilities. Oskar Schindler, a German business man, visits the ghetto to spill to Itzhak Stern, a Jew who owns a pot-making factory. Oskar and Itzhak make a deal in which Schindler will take over the factory just now Stern will be the plant manager. The Jews are once again choose according to their didactics and working ability, those who cannot work are sent to extermination multitudes while virtually of those who are able to, reported to Schindlers factory. The Nazis sink that all of the Jews should be confined in forced labor camps. Schindler, who is now starting to feel some empathy and responsibility towards his workers, volunteers to confine his workers in his factory.In the next part of the film, thousands of Jews are shipped off to concentration camps. Their luggage is stolen and sorted through for valuables. Stern is mistakenly put on one of those trai ns, but Schindler quickly comes to his rescue. Amon Goeth is now in charge of the new labor camp in Plaszow. The Jews not only build the camp, but Goeths colossal house as well.In the second half of the film, it is now adjoin 13th, 1943, and the liquidation of the ghetto is taking place. Many Jews are unjustly killed as they are pulled from their houses or did not co-operate. Those who tried to hide are found and kill... ...l of the Nazi Party.Denial is another theme in this film which helped to save the Jewish race. Even as they are forced into the ghetto and later into labor camps they are in demurral of their real situation. When they are in the ghetto they are upbeat and believe that the bad times will pass, and even when killing surrounds them they wint let themselves believe the worst.There are certain groups of people that cause these events to happen. Because of them there are people living in denial and people that are being ostracized every day. They do this because they are triskaidekaphobic that if they do not go along with what the majority does their will be reprisal. Everyone wants to believe that people are basically good in nature. exactly with the events that occurred in the film it is easy to see that people are considerably influenced and would rather go along with the group then stand out and make a difference. Most people think that one someone cannot make a difference. If more people would have taken a stand, then quite possibly more Jewish people would have been saved. One person does make a difference, Oskar Schindler proved that.

Psychosocially Therapeutic Aspects of The Old Man and the Sea by Heming

Psychosocially Therapeutic Aspects of The gaga human being and the Sea by HemingwayThis exceptional legend should be employ as a therapeutic aid for hopeless and depressed muckle who needed a powerful force for continuing struggles of life against fate. They should imagine as the boy Manolin, Ill bring the luck by myself. In the storey the old man tells us It is silly not to hope...besides I conceptualise it is a sin. Hemingway draws a distinction between two different types of succeeder outer-material and inner- inspiritual. While the old man lacks the former, the importance of this lack is eclipsed by his stubbornness of the later. He teaches all people the triumph of indefatigable spirit everywhere exhaustible resources. Hemingways hero as a perfectionist man tells us To be a man is to behave with honor and dignity, not to succumb to suffering, to expect ones duties without complaint, and most importantly to have maximum self-control. At the end of the story he mentio ns, A man is not made for defeat...a man heap be destroyed still not defeated. The book finishes with this symbolic metre The old man was dreaming about lions. It is a psychological digest of Hemingway famous story that we have used it as a psychotherapeutic aid for hopeless and depressed people and also psychological victims of fight in a more comprehensive therapeutic plan.The first doom of the book announces itself as Hemingways He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf stream and he had gone 84 days now without taking a fish . The words are plain, and the structure, two tightly-worded independent clauses conjoined by a simple conjunction, is ordinary, traits which qualify Hemingways literary style. capital of Chile is the protagonist of the novella. He is an old fisherman in Cuba who, when we meet him at the beginning of the book, has not caught anything for eighty-four days. The novella follows Santiagos betoken for the cracking catch that will save his career. Santiago endures a great struggle with a uncommonly large and noble marlin only to stick out the fish to rapacious sharks on his way back to land. Despite this loss, Santiago ends the novel with his spirit unbowed. Some have said that Santiago represents Hemingway himself, meddlesome for his next great book, an Everyman, heroic in the face of human tragedy, or the Oedipal male unconscious trying to slay his fat... ...session of the later. One way to portray Santiagos story is as a triumph of indefatigable spirit over exhaustible material resources. As noted above, the characteristics of such a spirit are those of heroism and manhood. That Santiago can end the novella undefeated after steadily losing his hard-earned, most valuable possession is a testament to the privileging of inner success over outer success. Triumph over suppress hardship is the heart of heroism, and in order for Santiago the fisherman to be a heroic emblem for humankind, his tribulations must be monumental. Triumph, though, is never final. Hemingway flock of heroism is Sisyphean, requiring continuous labor for quintessentially ephemeral ends. What the hero does is to face adversity with dignity and grace, hence Hemingways Neo-Stoic emphasis on self-control and the other facets of his base of manhood. What we achieve or fail at externally is not as significant to heroism as the comporting ourselves with inner nobility. As Santiago says, Man is not made for defeat....A man can be destroyed but not defeated . Works CitedHemingway, Ernest (1952). The Old Man and the Sea. New York Charles Scribners Sons.