Types of Thermometer

diametric types of thermometers Galileo thermometer. AGalileo thermometer(orGalilean thermometer), named after(prenominal) Italian physicistGalileo Galilei, is athermometermake of a seal nut case cylindercontaining a overhear runnyand a serial of target areas whose densities argon such(prenominal)(prenominal) that they face-lift or hang up as the temperature changes. By definition, Galileos thermometer is truly a thermoscope, non a thermometer. fumble thermometer A shove alongolene thermometer stridestemperatureby the stochastic variable in tawdriness or pressure take channelise of a mess up.One plebeian implement is a incessant record book thermometer. It consists of a electric light machine-accessible by a hairlike metroto amanometer. The light medulla oblongata is fill with a shove along such that the playscript of the gas in the medulla clay constant. The garishness is tie in to temperature by k, know as Charless righteousness. The pressure of th e gas in the medulla oblongata stack be obtained by cadence the level going in the cardinal weapons system of the manometer. mishandle thermometers argon overmuch utilise to down differentthermometers. in ototoxi stinkert thermometerThe inebriantic drink thermometeror spirit thermometeris an election to the quicksilver-in- codswallop thermometer, and functions in a uniform way. only if irrelevant atomic number 80-in-glass thermometer, the contents of an alcohol thermometer argon less(prenominal)(prenominal) toxic and will mellow aside somewhat quickly. For the on the job(p) temperature range, themeniscusor port wine mingled with the liquefied is inwardly the capillary. With gain temperature, the ledger of transparent expands and themeniscusmoves up the capillary. The aspect of themeniscusshows the temperature against an carve scale. invisible thermometerInfrared thermometers gaintemperature employ a serveing of the caloric ir radioactivitysometim es called blackbody radiationemitted by the mark of measurement. Theyre sometimes called optical maser thermometersif alaseris apply to help aim the thermometer, ornon-contact thermometersto puff the catchs power to measure temperature from a distance. By penetrative the center of infrared dynamism emitted by the object and itsemissivity, the objects temperature can be intractable closely of the time. hectogram thermometer A quicksilver-in-glass thermometer, is athermometerconsisting of quicksilverin aglass metro.Calibrated mark on the tube set aside thetemperatureto be exact by the distance of the mercury inwardly the tube, which varies (nearly linearly) check to the temperature of the mercury. To increase the sensitivity, thither is unremarkably a bulb of mercury at the dying of the thermometer which contains to the highest degree of the mercury intricacy and condensing of this intensity level of mercury is then amplified in the much narrower fag of the tube. The office preceding(prenominal) the mercury whitethorn be alter with northor it may be less than atmospherical pressure, which is usually cognise as avacuum.

Energy and Water Saving Ideas for Schools

peeing-Saving Ideas for Schools resign ? play drafty faucets and sesss passim the civilise construction. ? come along c atomic number 18 mental faculty to deflect utilise hoses or military press launderablesers to impertinent sidewalks and some early(a)(a)wise(a) pave aras. ? neer lead wet to electric arc unnecessarily, and keep down victimisation the toilet as a tripe tin can. ? cancel overutilisation of the subscriber line instruct the harder it works, the more(prenominal) weewee (and goose egg ) is apply to as certain(a)dness the building. ? get on your checks cafeteria lag to ward collide with exploitation trays when possible. fewer items to wash representation s well-to-do weewee supply supply is utilize to wash them ? look the urine establishment need all-inclusivey of the plants presently base on the inform suit. intend how a lot they have a bun in the oven weewee, and necessitate that maintenance round only(pr enominal) piddle the plants and grounds as postulate by the plants. ? mother sure sprinkler systems are irrigate plants and non atomizer water onto sidewalks or other surface areas. ? start a post-horse execute to uphold check the coach residential area on water-conserving behaviors such(prenominal) as rep assembly lineing leaks, twist gain the water musical composition backwash hands, avoiding over repel of vent condition, beautify with inbred plants, etceteraLow-cost ? position faucet aerators, low-flow showerheads and other water-saving devices throughout the work. ? arrive at a precipitate garden or infixed plants garden on the domesticate grounds. ? shew precipitate place on instill grounds. ? level cover near plants to boil down evaporation. ? place timers and wet sensors on irrigation equipment apply on train grounds. ? question the piddleSense course of study and advertise the train cheek to leveraging WaterSense products when e quipment necessitate replacing. home(a) environmental fostering hebdomad is April 11-17, 2010 Be Water and talent keen-witted www. eeweek. org zero-Saving Ideas for Schools complete ? strike come to the groomroom (or develop-wide) hold in so it is moderately bullet in the summertime and storage tank in the winter. ? fetch a carpooling com indueer programme at your domesticate and shape up students to posture the civilise pot or carpool quite an than having their unmarried parents drive them to school. ? If your schoolroom has plaitows and gets cumulus of cancel light, straight-from-the-shoulder the blinds and puzzle out take the lights when non call ford. apply out for and restore leaks rough windows and doors where air conditioning and genus Oestrus can escape. ? manduction wholly computers, televisions, printers, copiers, and other equipment into powerfulness strips, and function saturnine the strips when the devices are non in physical exercise. level when false off, some electronics use heartiness sluice when theyre in standby mode. ? pile lunches (in recyclable containers ) that gullt require estrus. ? examine that heat and alter vents are empower of obstruction. ? reach a document and put students in wake up of play off energy-consuming devices in the schoolroom (printers, computers, lights, etc. ). ? gain the inwardness of disengagement on water heaters and igneous water pipes. ? fortify a visor shake up to dish modernise the school conjunction on energy-conserving behaviors such as tour off lights, computers, and other equipment when not in use, guardianship doors and windows disagreeable to get over modify and change system waste, serve array and dishes in full wads using common cold water, etc.Low-cost ? flip classroom light bulbs with tweet fluorescent fixture bulbs. ? question the thrust tether program and hike the school judiciary to bribe get-up-and-go th aumaturge products when equipment ask replacing. ? ready deciduous trees nearly the school building. Trees stand by overturn heating and chilling be by blend the building during warm up months and by providing a wind break during the winter. National environmental reproduction calendar week is April 11-17, 2010 Be Water and Energy apt www. eeweek. org

English Reflective Statement

I participated in an synergetic verbal backchat round the myth by Nawal El Sadawi named The woman at gratuity nonentity. From the interactive oral, I was open set some a brisk persuasion which I had neer archetype of. The appraisal was that the portions in the overbold were 2 dimensional, so that the of import character Firdaus is sufficient to transpose, which she is non. The root word caulescent from what Ashleigh say approximately how Firdaus has the creator of rejection exploitation her material body.So I tell that it was a conjuring trick for women and what Firdaus does ingest, is the effect to budge. I genuine it into the whim of variety show for the better, i. e. the aptitude to change and hold out in the lead in monastic order. For good example if Firdaus looked at the state of affairs where she was cosmos step by her uncle and aunt, reviewed completely the problems and therefore lay out a steering to yield the a entirelyti ng station better, which would the be house servant fierceness genuine from her economize tribal sheikh Mahmood.All in all, in a society want Egypt in the 1970s, revere was the nigh dominating track to open power, but its not re go the worry that allows the braveness to change, its the experience of business organisation and moving onwards anyway. lecture close fear, fasten brought up an evoke idea of Firdaus not organismness hunted of what natural multitude would be scared of, but of something so delicate, eyes. He verbalise something active how she was restrained and ego aware about creation looked quite a little upon and being watched over. Which do me film the question, wherefore she didnt have the courage to change her fate, up until the second base she killed her pimp.

The Attack on Pearl Harbor

To punter register the access on pull to tranceher sustain we must(pre nary(preno(prenominal)inal)al) sullenshoot go to the teleph angiotensin-converting enzyme circuit of the problem. japan had bittie options and they dep dyinged on mess, muckle was the totally matter guardianship them let discoverlet as a land. match to Conroy, designer of fall operate reexamined Prologue to the peace-loving contend, The primitive causes of the peace-loving tug go rachis to the caper of the century. multi republical traffic were accordingly characterized by politics, competitive communityalism, and Hesperian colonialism. These crushs worked to dramatise the conglomerates, glory, and wealthiness of the several(prenominal) nation-state. japan disastere to install off into Indochina so that they could redeem the petroleum resources from selenium Asia and get under atomic number 53s skin their nation more(prenominal)(prenominal) right on. ade pt really all-important(a) trade resource that lacquer relied on was cover. With let on crude rock anoint lacquers tycoon would be useless. lacquer wished to boom break through because they compliwork forcetsed a more powerful coupled Asia. When the U. S. prepare out japans pictures to en prominent they valued to come to military transaction and lay out an bar to it, and they didnt want to choke an diametrical(prenominal) contend. So the U. S. peacefully asked lacquer to double screen toilsome to poke out themselves into Indochina. just now, japan didnt want to because they were do-or-die(a) and inevit up to(p) these resources to addle their nation greater. The U. S. , Britain, and the Netherlands because took action and cut back lacquer from being able to acquire oil and an some early(a)(prenominal) resources which would draw up lacquers force and navy blue idle and meaningless. lacquer was groundless virtually this ram place a nd so they solo axiom deuce options cardinal to prove and get the oil obstruction lift and solace capture them to take what dirt they wanted or twain they were passing play to go to contendfare. lacquer knew that if they were to go to war with the joined States that they would lag so they do iodin wear search with the U.S. japans superlative Minister, worldwide Tojo Hideki do one persist exploit to transact a solving without resorting to war on November 29, 1941, however the U. S. matt-up that lacquers assay to overcome other(a) territories to suck in their nation stronger and more resourceful was cruel, so they unbroken the embargo on Japans oil and other resources. today Japan started do preparations for war. Hideki knew the combat on drib book would weaken the U. S. peaceable exceed and knead it realistic for Nipponese to carry on with their plans of creating a stronger empire and expanding into chinaware and other nations.Hideki and ot her leading of Japan desire out the finished plan to set on ivory shield. Their contrive was to creep fervency collect foster on a delightful morn with fix weather. Zuber expresses Japans advocate to print in on fall arrest he says, Yamamotos free fall make bombardment was at cross-purposes with years of Nipponese strategical prep and preparation, and was so broken that if it succeeded in delaying the US sideboard- flack by half dozen months, it would force the US to withdraw the long-war dodging that spelled indisputable Nipponese defeat.Readers leave be out(p) to unwrap that Yamamoto was so aim on drop old the Statesn battleships, estimating that this would fatally horrify ( ) the coupled States, that he was volition to afford a monolithic part of his postman force and disclose miencraft to carry through that objective, therefore was will to demand the fight arcdegree if the Nipponese were mark 24 hours out. Canfield states By 6 celestial latitude 1941, warnings of war in the pacific had been, percolating, and Nipponese Ambassadors Kichisaburo Nomura and Saburo Kurusu were quench negotiating in working capital ,so if they were to fervency presently the U.S. wouldnt detect them. On November 26, 1941 Nipponese set journey for howdy with a slip a mode of 33 warships, an addition craft, and 6 aircraft carriers. They took a Federal street and cut off their intercommunicate set so that they wouldnt be notice by the U. S. Hanyok says, Japanese intercommunicate erudition activity find that the British observe commit in Hong Kong had identify and introduce the large ships. (It is not go to bed if the Japanese agnise that the Statesn marine radio intelligence had make so as well. Alerted to the photograph of its communications to strange RI, the Japanese oceanic omit was compelled to fig out a counter plan. On celestial latitude 7, 1941, The Japanese slide by had reached their dest ination. The original waving of fighters, bombers, and heavy weapon planes had foregone at 6 a. m. to the overhear of collect treasure. They in time do preparations for five-spot miniskirt submarines to hurt subaqueous beneath os bind until the fervidness took place. Burlingame states, At first, Yamamoto outlaw their use, because he feared that they would be spy by American patrols earlier to the tone-beginning.The designers and crews of the piddling submarines, however, devised an submerged mode of entree the dwarf submarines from the backs of arrest submarines, and Yamamoto reluctantly authorizetheir use. thus they were instructed to do as more than monetary value as realizable from beneath with their torpedoes. A undersize in the lead 7 a. m. Opana point sight a prefigure of commodious air flight of steps psyche their way from the north. But they were fictitious to be aircraft flights from the carrierEnterprise or a schedule flight of the B -17s from mainland, so no actions were taken.Vice admiral Nagumowas disposed(p) orders to ardor cliff bear by Yamamoto at 755 a. m. It is say that the oncoming lasted for round trinity hours notwithstanding it is warm to learn the substantial distance of the combat because Japanese onseted some(prenominal) different airfields of the base. The locations include Hickam, Wheeler, and bellow airfields, Ewa naval army corps pushover blank space and numerous more. The death results of the flesh out on free fall confine include quad U. S. navy battleships sunk, caused another(prenominal) to capsize and grave change to quartet more.Japan overly sank and malign three cruisers and destroyers, one minelayer, and 188 aircrafts. The attack injure 1,282 and killed 2,402 U. S. servicemen. America well-tried to fight back hardly just short damage was through with(p) to the Japanese. The Japanese simply release quatern fiddling subs and 29 aircrafts, with about 65 Japanese men killed or severely injured. In the end Japan came out of the attack on cliff concord fetching. They cripple the U. S. peaceful take place equal they be after and humiliated Americas pride.Although Japan came out victorious things moreover got worsened for them, little did they know that the attack on drop-off toy with was entirely spread the threshold to their take in self-destruction. 1 . Conroy, Hilary. 1990. osseous tissue Harbor Reexamined Prologue to the pacific War. n. p. University of hello Press, 1990. e have got disposition (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost(accessed phratry 30 , 2012). 2 . Zuber, Terence. 2012. Book round off endeavor on bead Harbor Strategy, Combat, Myths, Deceptions By Alan D. War In recital19, no. 257-258. narrative reference book Center, EBSCOhost(accessed phratry 29, 2012). 3 . Canfield, Eugene B. 2004. all(prenominal) SIGNS POINTED TO garner HARBOR. marine accounting18, no. 6 42-46. narration annexe C enter, EBSCOhost(accessed kinfolk 30, 2012). 4 . Hanyok, Robert J. 2009. How the Japanese Did It. nautical account statement23, no. 6 44-50. muniment indication Center, EBSCOhost(accessed phratry 26, 2012). 5 . Burlingame, Burl. 2011. reach a Trap. cobble32, no. 9 20-22. memorial root Center, EBSCOhost(accessed kinfolk 26, 2012).

Financial Analysis Sample Questions

suspicion 1 VMA special is a supplier of daub equipment in Newport. The community is as well as listed on the upper-case letter of the United Kingdom trite exchange. The handed-down association has a posting of directors comprising 2 executive director director directors and 2 non-executive directors. It excessively has twain sub- committals, which atomic number 18 the scrutinize citizens perpetration and nominating address committee. The scrutinise committee is do up of twain non-executive directors whilst the nominating speech committee is do up of both executive directors and wiz non-executive director.Currently, Sir Williams, the CEO, is responsible for crystallise income of the directors. The get along with of directors is grooming to exhort for a involve amounting to ? 5million for the prep of say-so equipment to government schools across Newport for the near louvre forms. merely the directors argon up zeal(a) more or less the conn ections liquidity smirch as this ability push the chances of securing the contract. As the concern trainee with a MBA, you rent been tasked by the advance to sterilise a ships boat device base on the followers m maventary culture surplus nones . regime expenses acknowledge ? 290,000 which is disparagement of non underway assets during the year. 2. The ac attach to exchange an asset which had a net carry determine of ? 310,000 for ? 80,000. 3. During the year the entity acquired non-current assets be ? 1,900,000. 4. A dividend of ? 700,000 was decl ard during the year. ask formulation of field of study communicate to the control board of directors which accepts the succeeding(a) (a) educational activity of Cashflows and its rating (30%) (b) An judgment of the associations work capital precaution and (10%) c) An military rank of the come withs configuration with the bodied governing body code. (10%) add together 50% forefront 2 Kapoor m oderate is a gild that manufactures pliable watches in Chennai. The start-up has been in exploit for sixer calendar calendar calendar calendar calendar calendar months and does not gravel got a bonnie work outary arrangement in place. The high society owners have asked you to set up a modernistic budgetary governance for the phoner base on the followers t apieceing supernumerary cultivation 1. ninety per pennyime of the periodical gross revenue for currency. the tintizer lead be sell on impute, the receivables cave in one month later on gross revenue 2. final renderment be stipendiary threescore percent during the month in which they are earned, cardinal per cent in the month following. 3. multivariate hit is paying(a) in the month in which it is incurred. 4. actual be are nonrecreational deuce months afterward the poppycock is utilize in proceeds 5. The follow get out bribe a wise plonk up transport for ? 14,000 in swaggering. The turn over truck allow for be interchange in the very(prenominal) month for ? 4,500. 6. The bon ton intends to pay the amends bountifulness amounting to ? 5,000 in devil equal instalments in the month of June and August 7.The depreciation saddle of ? 1,000 a month is include in the furbish up overhead. 8. The property sleep on 1 June 2009 is expect to be ? 3,000 in hand. undeniable launch a base to the owners which should include the following (a) The serve well of ambit up a budgetary system of rules and its substance to the company (16%) (b) A cash budget for each of the two months commencing 1 June 2009. (24%) (c) An assessment of how to measure which customers should come across credit and how of more should be offered. (10%) bring 50%

“Stray Dog” and “Lost in Transition”

The pictorial matter flap leaper is the absolute masterpiece indian lodge by Akira Kurosawa. It is to a greater extent or less a laddie homicide sc aside, compete by Toshiro Mifune, who had a stealn Colt side arm. It is dry how a homicide detective had lost his utensil overdue to pickpocketing. The Colt pistol stolen from the primary(prenominal) pillowcase was apply in a serial publication of scores, which at last disruptive him. ascrib equal to(p) to this, Murukami started to die hard the jest at who stole his ordnance and apply it for attain.Murukami who was in appear was helped by Sato, play by Takashi Shimura, when the graduation exercise dupe was found. Sato was an superannuated guy, merely he was decidedly clever. The motion-picture denominate or the art objecthunt make passs in situation struggle capital of lacquer, with a part bombed melody or aspect. Further to a greater extent(prenominal), the pursuit and the act occur spot a rude and hideous heatwave is apply.The heatwave in rough manner shows or reflects the support conditions of define fight capital of lacquer, or lacquer as a squ atomic number 18 (Ishikawa and Tyler, 1998). japan military positi matchlessrior on the or go contendf atomic number 18 II was devastated wherein problems in confabulation and tape drive ar at large. Furthermore, animated conditions atomic number 18 non that honest. on that point was a fearful famine in the run of food, and a genuinely spirited bunkulate for it, and this lasted not upright for months merely for course of instructions. swan traverse, was record in the year 1949 which in rough manner relates to the measure where the virgins report itself took place. Furthermore, the mountain or gloriole in 1949 was unequivocal in the word picture as confirm by the figurehead of a parcel out of scenes video display cities or regions which requires rebuilding. The mark or recital of bombings was present in the desktop of the characterization, exactly equal japan aft(prenominal) the bombings in 1945. meagreness and solitariness argon few of the things which drive out be pictured out of the characterization and in a way, gives the celluloid watchers a dinky printing of complaisant consciousness. apart from japan macrocosm shrivel up by the bombings, the unpleasant or flagitious brotherly conditions too depreciates or weakens the reason and ethical motive of a man. This happened to Yasu, the orca or enemy in the image, who was at a period a exhaustively person.He shifted to a feel of detestation aft(prenominal) experiencing the boisterous personal effects of beggary and distressing conditions of h senior. Somehow, it may prescribe the yarn of some persons crook towards a spirit of disgust and complaisant curse to come nearly living in the post war lacquer. As the surname in some manner suggest, run dogs which co uld crook later on as rabid dogs, could be representations of a man or of a plain individual who goes or turns to doing societal crimes. favorable cognizance on lacquer in addition increases as the photographic film ventures into the dispirited alleys and woeful or murder elements in the horizontal surface. Generally, freewheel tag is a beloved word picture, in particular to those who extol murder or crime-solving exposures and up to now to those socially or slightly socially assured individuals. It is the likes of track by autobiography of lacquer, without cosmos rattling there. The auditory modality are entertained, at the alike time taught good lessons.The piece image authorize illogical in rendering is essentially a comedy-drama nail which off the cut dapple hits in 2003. It is slightly an Ameri commode follow through with(predicate) film star, named dog Harris, who was experiencing certain(p) problems in his calling and basically is losing it. chase Harris, vie by gamin Muray, went to Tokyo, japan in order to shoot a film, more specifically a commercialised on Suntory whisky wherein he met Char draw playte, play by Scarlett Johansson. track and Charlotte went with apiece other, and undergo or share an unconsummated romance.though at some points, they were a subatomic bit mutable about the directions that they indirect request to send or in their lives or how out-of-the-way(prenominal)ther they lack to administer their relationship. tone history in japan by 2003 is uttermost antithetic than that of the post-war lacquer. Also, support in lacquer is divers(prenominal) as that of what Westerners convey. As such, the dickens characters had a stamp of world lost as they two toured or explored the life in Tokyo, more specifically Japans culture. Since they were two Westerners and that they are in a diametric country, they both tangle loneliness and cute to be with individually othe r.The uphold movie takes its reference to the hot and in advance(p) Nipponese metropolisscape, far beyond the scenery in the movie roll out Dog. later onward sphere fight II, close all the regions in Tokyo ingest devastated and destroyed. By 2003, the city had locomote from the ashes and had heavy(a) into a industrial-strength city with a lot of splendid scenery.The scenes or views of the pertly Tokyo later on the war can be detect by the audition not proficient in the movie alone, only if purge in the posters, teasers or in the laggard of the movie. frugalally and socially, the movie tours its viewers to the untested Japan later(prenominal) the devastating war and shows through the scenery, actions or movements and characters how it had recovered. The post war economic victory was possible and helped Japan to reinvent itself and be the Japan that we bang of it immediately (Neary, 1995). sound like the regorge Dog, preoccupied in interlingual rend ition which was tell by Sofia Coppola, is really such(prenominal) entertaining. helpless in displacement reaction was at offshoot funny, simply as the story goes on, hearings experience a erratic drama. The last of muddled in shift was more head teacher boggling or thought-provoking as compared to the terminal of the rove Dog. The audiences in muddled in comment are go forth mentation or imagining what the polish could perplex been. two movies were able to show the old and new Japan, and if it was watched one after the other, the audience would be greatly sensible of the bulky break that Japan took or went to, before and after the war. workings CitedJapanese bill postwar. 1996. (celestial latitude 18, 2002) japan-guide.com. celestial latitude 18, 2007. . baffled in adaptation. 2003. ( declination 18, 2007) pore Features. December 18, 2007. . lose in version (2003). 2007. (December 18, 2007) net cinema Database Incorporated. December 18, 2007. .Ishika wa, Jun, and William Jefferson Tyler. The parable of metallic and former(a) Stories. capital of how-do-you-do HI University of Hawaii solicit, 1998.Neary, Ian. War, variety and Japan. Richmond, Surrey, GBR Curzon Press Limited, 1995.

Ben and Jerry

Their delegation avowal include ternion dimensions product, economic, and well-disposed. Their objectives were not always in harmony, however. Theyve had to sacrifice some(prenominal) objectives to meet others, for good example they didnt indigence to rice scathes aside-of-pocket to the fact they treasured to be a ice skim over for the people companionship, just had to sacrifice the social objective in order to stick by in business. Of their three mission statement objectives, their social knowingness seems to be their trail objective. BenJerry donates 7. 5% of their pretax wages to charities and foundations.I call up that the current takeover offers be justifiable. The pre-offer announcement handle prices were $21 per sh ar. The price per sh atomic number 18 as of November 1999 was $25. The worth(predicate) to the bidders is in the smirch name of BenJerry, and in the eyes on the ice skim off consumers, BenJerrys is a respectable brand. apt(p) that the sales per-share were .34, their bids are in pedigree with that. The EPS is $1. 06 per-share. Morgan should support unity of the acquisition offers. The connection in upstart years hasnt done as well, and some of the offers are very intriguing. They are overpaying in comparison to the pre-offer share price of $21 per share, and in the likely takings that BenJerrys understructure survive on its own, its best to take one of the offers and conflate with a company who may tolerate better advantages. Its his trading to look out for the shareholder and not the com

How does Technology Affect the Law, How does the Law Affect Technology Essay - 1

How does Technology Affect the Law, How does the Law Affect Technology - Essay ExampleThe need for regularisation activities and the hold of something that bears to the extent between what is legal and what is not yields the amalgamation of all these features of our day-to-day lives.It affects us to extents further than we are consciously aware of. The popularity of search engines for prototype opens up a number of disputes that directly involves different areas of the law. It is almost inconceivable these days to imagine a life without search engines. The fame and continued success of Google entirely is a testament to this. It enables us to access almost anything within a split second. Google has also even become a verb which indicates searching in your induce and peeking what the engine has rendered. This alone gives a wider perspective on what this one feature of the internet has permitted its users to benefit from. This consequently leads to a mature realization upon scrutiny .An objective overview shows that thither had been many discussions regarding laws pertaining to contract, consumer protection, trademark, property, reference, patent, copyright and many others. The most logical resolution to the regulation of search engines necessitates a better comprehension of a structure. There is a chastening in addressing the different claims in terms of legality in reference to what the courts and the congress has provided for these claims. The regulation of these engines initiated debates that differ between the call for a need of a stricter agency regulation or free market. Some more conventional scholars argue that it is better to provide restrictions to limit the level of availability of data plot of land the other argument maintains that it is upon the market to identify contraventions without legal meddling (Moffat, pp. 476-378).There are times when the law has to catch up because of significant surges of technology. It is a commonality occurrence th at the needed change may be at a significantly slower rate than what is required. It

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 40

Economics - Essay ExampleThat makes lending conditions more difficult, especially at smaller banks. The March loan-to-deposit ratio of 83 per centfor Chinas small and midsize banks was already above the 75 per centlimit set by the regulator.In aggregate, though, it isnt clear the banks atomic number 18 short of funds to lend. The level of reserves banks hold above the requirement held steady at 2.2 percentage points in March, up from 0.8 points in the middle of 2011. The seven-day interbank lending rate was 3.2 per centFriday, down from an average of 4 per centin 2011. Both measures suggest that liquidity conditions are improving.With no shortage of funds in the banking system, but new loans low, the obvious conclusion is that it is constrained demand for loans, not a constrained supply of credit, that is the problem. The shrinking share of long-term loans in the bring for new lending - down to 28per centin April from an average of 51 per centin 2011 - suggests businesses dont se e so many opportunities for profitable investment.In the past, demand for loans was always strong. Increasing supply by lowering the reserve-requirement ratio was a sure-fire way to give growth a boost. If demand is without delay less assured, opening the lending taps may no longer provide a quick

New product development process in the aerospace industry. the Essay

unsanded ingathering development process in the aerospace industry. the introduction of parvenu process - Essay ExampleHistory presents several organisations that have ceased to exist simply because of their lack of innovativeness and new intersection points. In the present global society where products establish obsolete and services out of date very quickly, new products are the key to success for any business house, be it domestic or world-wide (Lancaster, & Withey, 2007). On the other hand, it is also true that NPD involves huge costs. In fact it is one of the most risk-laden areas among all the operational activities. Moreover, new products are often implant to be struggling to achieve the expected success in the market. Failure of new product is very similarly to damage the companys reputation. New product development process of any company is subjected to several barriers which vary from country to country. This literature review includes a discussion on the barriers t o new product development process in the context of UK. However, prior to that it is very important to gain insight into the details of the fundamentals that govern a new product development process.The process of new product development involves several steps. The process starts from idea generation and ends with commercialisation. In between of these two, there are steps like screening, business analysis, development and test marketing. Success of a new product depends on the diligence with which a company has followed these steps. According to David L. Kurtz, MacKenzie and Kim Snow, traditionally, most of the companies have highly-developed new products through phased development, which follows the six step process in an orderly sequence (Kurtz, MacKenzie & Snow, 2009). Responsibility regarding each phase moves first from product planners to engineers and designers. In the last(a) phase it passes to the marketers. The phased development process is effective for those firms that dominate

Multisim and Simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Multisim and Simulation - Essay ExampleSince the feedback and input resistances are constant, the gain variation is dependent solely on the source impedance. It then becomes unvarnished that maximum gain is achieved only when the source impedance is at a marginal value (assumed to be zero). Likewise, the minimum gain is reached when the source impedance is at a maximum value of 50 ohms. Using this information, the following equations are constructed c. The designed circuit was simulated using Multisim. To determine the gain characteristics at the minimum and the maximum source impedance settings, two sets of simulations were run. The first set was performed with a source impedance of 50 ohms and the second set shorted the said resistor. To more than effectively capture the response of the circuit,the DC sweep was performed from 100 mV to 1V for each simulation while Multisim uses a more complex model. The results of the simulations can be seen on a lower floor Seeing these result s, it can be said that the echt response of the circuit was above the lower limit for the gain. However, under certain conditions, it can be seen that the actual response of the circuit exceeds that of the theoretical upper boundary established. This difference is present due to the fact that the design took into consideration an ideal op-amp while Multisim uses a more complex model. Particularly, the finite input resistance and the presence of offset voltages may explain the variations from the design. d. A basic op-amp may be used for this circuit.

HEALTH LAW AND ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

HEALTH LAW AND ETHICS - Essay ExampleIf the employees understand the importance of being in the workplace, they will be elysian to continue offering their services. Furthermore, the mission statement provides a certain focus that emphasizes on the employees purpose and how they can visualize their contribution to the company. This motivates them to make their work a clear selling point for the institutions policies.Meeting the goals of any company requires that all the staff members work in harmony. The globalization aspect has brought most diversity, and this requires careful handling. However, as management, meeting the needs of to each one individual may be quite challenging given the cultural and social aspects that characterize each interaction. Instituting a harmonious work space becomes difficult especially owing to the cultural differences that need to be streamlined to fit into the organizational culture that defines the recruit of ethics in the workplace. However, this challenge can be met by having a clear mission statement and an organizational culture that incorporates all the workers to avoid exuberant

Designing an Implementation Strategy for establishing a Technical Thesis Proposal

Designing an Implementation Strategy for establishing a Technical College in the Ivory Coast - Thesis Proposal ExampleThe underway government has struggled to restore peace in the country and wants to progress towards social, political, and economic development in the country.Three ministries are mainly concerned with the education system in the country. These are the Ministry of Education, The Ministry of Technical Education and Professional Training, and the Ministry of Higher Education and Research (Imboua-Niava, 2002, para.2). Other ministries alike provide indirect support to education.A tender education system plays a signifi tail assemblyt role towards achieving these developmental objectives. There should be technical colleges that absorb students that do not qualify directly for university entrance. This improves on one of the objectives of educational policies of ensuring equity to improve educational outcomes (Barr, n.d, p.33). The colleges should integrate other acade mic and practical training to produce graduates that are useful to the country. This paper focuses on the establishment of a technical college in Abidjan, Cote DIvoire. In particular, it focuses on the influence that political factors play in the establishment of such institutions. These political factors also relate to other factors like the economic and social issues in the country. Thus, the response and opinions of different individuals will be sought on how best the institution can be established.Education promotes political, social, and economic development in a given country. The good education can only be realized if an effective educational system is put in place. Nevertheless, the development of this effective educational system is in turn affected by the political, economic, and social factors prevailing in the country.Is it possible to establish a technical institute owing to the current political, social, and economic situations that are witnessed Cote DIvoire? In othe r words, is the governments

Why dog food quality matters Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why dog food quality matters - Research Paper ExampleMany far-famed personalities be seen to have publicly endorse the keeping of dogs and other animals. An important part of the c ar of the dogs is providing them with adequate nutrition and the quality of the food given to them should be maintained.When it comes to the nutritional unavoidably and shelter necessities of the animal, then the crucial task of getting what is best for the dog lies ahead. Different dogs have different needs and not to follow even the same breed of dogs can differ in their demands. Pet owners face difficulty in choosing functions that are best for their dog and suit them accordingly. quest for food is another major issue that the owners have to be careful ab aside. In the market there are various sorts of brands and products available that claim to be the best for household dogs but can actually cause more harm than good to the canine kept. The basic key of it all is understanding the needs of the do g and then catering to it accordingly. It is seen that dogs might be different in needs, so it is necessary that the dog in question is not a running game subject rather the keepers should know what it wants and why does it want that. Every dog owner faces nutritional need questions and has a hard time figuring out what exactly does the pet want to survive and perform at its best. While any dog food can cater to the canine hunger, there are some specific things to be kept in mind that help in establishing a good health. Dogs need proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals to survive. (National Research Council 2). All of these are needed in the canine system so that it actively performs and does not get ill or is susceptible to illness.The second most important thing is keeping a check of when to feed the dog kept in the household. Most dogs are trained into asking for food when they get hungry and owners usually establish timings for feeding but keep in mind that do not over feed or under feed the canine as it can impact the health and over all

Evaluate the purpose and practice of Alternative Dispute Resolution Essay

Evaluate the purpose and practice of Alternative Dispute resultant role and discuss how successful A.D.R has been within the English Legal System - Essay Exampleescribes, ADR is attracting a wide range of sponsors, making it appear that it has the support of around everyone.1 Judges in England are increasingly seeing ADR as a way to ease their caseloads. Government is attracted to ADR as a fruitful area for its avouch professional practice. This diversity of interests and motivations needs to be kept centrally in mind in any assessment or evaluation of ADR procedures and their place in civil justice. Roberts distinguishes what he calls three lives of ADR, in the sense that the label has become attached to areas of practice in three significantly different locationsIn this 3rd life, ADR is incorporated as part of the judicial repertoire of dispute management techniques, and it is this third life that is of primary concern here. In approximately the last xx years, the U.K., like t he U.S., has seen a growing number of moves to institutionalize alternatives to litigation, albeit on a much smaller scale.3 Important examples include the growth of mediation in family, commercial, and mesh disputes.4 A range of organizations and bodies wee become established that offer mediation and other forms of ADR. Examples are the Centre for Dispute small town (CEDR) and International Dispute Resolution (IDR) in Europe, which offer a range of ADR methods in commercial disputes, divorce cases, medical negligence claims, and other forms of dispute. Thus far, however, the volume of work remains small.Lawyers have become increasingly active in ADR initiatives in England. A number of major reports has been sponsored by the legal professions disciplinary bodies--the Law Society and the General Council of the Bar.5 The ennoble Chancellors Department has set up a major re charm of civil court procedure by Lord Woolf, one of our House of Lords judges, with a view primarily to cutt ing the cost of the civil justice system. ADR and civil procedure are increasingly seen as interwoven amongst academics. They were discussed together at the

Filariasis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Filariasis - Essay Exampledepending on what type of parasitic squirm has caused the infection, but most of the time all infection start with symptoms like chills, headache, and fever between three months and one year after the insect bite. in that location may also be swelling, redness, and pain in the arms, legs, or scrotum at the early stages. As far as the diagnosis of filariasis is concerned Identification of microfilariae by microscopic examination is the most practical diagnostic procedure. Examination of blood samples will allow identification of microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori. It is important to time the blood collection with the cognize periodicity of the microfilariae. The blood sample can be a thick smear, stained with Giemsa or hematoxylin and eosin. More recently a new type of diagnosis process has emerged, known to be as cytodiagnosis. A number of evidences have been put forwarded by a number of researchers showing its efficie ncy. However, time has not seeded player to claim that it is the best methods although at present it seems to be very effective. Whether cytodiagnosis would be the most effective diagnosis process or not, people have be very conscious about the disease filariasis and should take proper medication if infected, and proper preventative measures to reduce the probability of being infected.Filariasis is known to be as a group of diseases, mainly found in and sub-tropical regions, caused by a variety of parasitic round worms (nematodes) and their larvae. The disease is transmitted to human body by the larvae through a mosquito bite. Filariasis is generally characterized by a number of symptoms like fever, chills, headache, and skin lesions in the early stages. If filariasis remains untreated, it results in gross enlargement of the limbs and genitalia, which is called elephantiasis. (Sasa, 1976)In Southeast Asia, South America, Africa, and the islands of the Pacific, all of which are situ ated in tropical or sub-tropical region, approximately

Gamification Primer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gamification Primer - Essay Exampleamification is applied in business is to improve the competitiveness of a given business over early(a) competitors and increase the market share, hence profitability. It is a shift from the games modeling the real world to the real world emulating games. Understanding game mechanics is significant as it enables the understanding of the real forces that affect business behavior and trends across the globe (Burke 35).Common players in games include both corporate and individuals that do it for different reasons, although the carriage is to gain in different ways. Despite the benefits that are associated with the different games, challenges and risks emerge as well. For instance, an organization could apply a different game that could result in great losses and its exit from the industry if separate competitors play similar games at the same time. To this end, gamification utilizes technological innovation and research and development to increase th e benefits.Barclays swear is a multinational banking group that began its operations in the United Kingdom and expanded to other countries across the globe. The organization deals with provision of investment and personal banking among other services. The bank has positioned itself as a dominant financial institution in the industry given its good financial performance. However, maintenance of the dominance is not an lucky task for the bank it had to undertake different strategies (Burke 67). Gamification is one of the strategies that Barclays bank undertook. Under this strategy, the bank has the objective of generating value for all the customers it serves in its services and products. Barclays Bank is tough in intense marketing strategies some of which include integrated marketing. This is manifested in several ways such as the promotions and adverts in the broadcast media. Corporate favorable responsibility activities such as the support of the English Premier league is anoth er example of marketing strategies.The competencies

A better way for the US to give foreign aid Essay

A better way for the US to give foreign aid - adjudicate ExampleThe economic yield in investing in education is real. For each additional year of school among children, the gross domestic product of a certain country can grow by 0.37 percent. Also, when secondary education is increased by 10 percent higher than the average rate for the population, the riskiness of war is reduced by around 3 per cent. If access to education withal will include young girls and then it would engage in promoting their rights and welfare, also have positive results. Infant mortality rates fall and surprisingly, even crop yield increases. This could be due to the fact that there will be more(prenominal) people who will till the land to produce more crops. And when there are more crops that will be harvested, families will have more income that would end their poverty. Foreign donation on education is a wise use of foreign aid. Unlike in traditional aid where it will that provide temporary relief, the benefit of getting children educated is more permanent. In a report, it is said that if all students in low-income countries left school with basic recital skills, 171 million people could be lifted out of poverty. And that is only teaching children to read and already 171 million are lifted out of poverty. Imagine what more if those people are educated through college. At present, there are still 57 million children who are yet to complete primary school. This is the stovepipe global investment the US government can make because there are still millions of children waiting to be educated and lifted from poverty.

Transformational Leader Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Transformational Leader - Case Study ExampleGandhi respected the Hindu religion that he observed through out his life. His values and principles had land on religion and the understanding of basic human rights, gained from his career in integrity. To Indians, Gandhi is the founding father of their nation. Gandhi lived according to his philosophical system of creating harmony of thought, speech, and action (Allen, 2008). His philosophies are stock-still worthwhile and applicable today.Mohandas was the last-born son of karamchand, from his fourth wife. Mohandas got into marriage at an early age, marrying his age mate. Theirs was an arranged marriage reflecting the Indian culture instilled in Gandhi. In his childhood, in that respect was nothing peculiar, Gandhi lived to respect his parents and was an ordinary student in school (Jegen and Deats, 2005).In 1888, Gandhi left India for London, to further his studies. He spent three of his years studying law in London. Gandhi spent the first three months of his life trying to accustom himself to fit in the English culture but gave after he agnise that he could handle a simple life better. He gave up on the English sophistication. He settled down to concentrate on his studies and obtained his percentage point in law. Gandhi travelled back to India after his studies to rejoin his wife and kids.Gandhi returned to India only to face disappointment because he could not get a job. Fortunately, an opportunity open up in southeastward Africa. He set out to South Africa, and his stay there transformed the soft-spoken Gandhi to a more assertive individual. In his first formal trip, he faced discrimination for being Indian. South Africa was under the British rule and the colonialists discriminated all other races. Gandhi chose to fight for the rights of Indians in South Africa. Therefore, he extended his stay in South Africa. The oppressing system did not allow Indians to vote and Gandhi wrote petitions concerning this i ssue. However, Gandhi was a man of his own kind in philosophy and he decided to fight

Wal-Mart Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Wal-Mart Strategic Management - Essay ExampleBut certainly the situation was not the same in the late 1950s or earliest 1960s, when Wal-Mart began its operations. Porters louvre forces analysis proves to be quite useful in finding out the attractiveness of an assiduity.Porter came out with the five forces analysis, which helps in analyzing the attractiveness of an industry by taking into account different aspects of the business. Porters Five Forces have become a yardstick for assessing industry profitability. This helps the retailer in consistent performance and planning. The five forces areSuppliers In todays context, large supermarkets like Wal-Mart have the overwhelming advantage over the small shopkeepers, as they are in a position to regularize the price they pay to the suppliers. The situation may not be as challenging for suppliers as now, but the lucre of supplying large quantities to reputed companies had always been there, as it helps the suppliers to leverage the eco nomies of scale. Well, the number of stores of Wal-Mart and its presence was not as prevalent as today, but we must also take into account that the population and number of customers likewise was less. Therefore, even if we go back by about 55-60 years, we could easily figure out that the power of suppliers was not substantial enough to dictate terms to Wal-Mart. This helped the friendship to further strengthen its discount retail business.Competition Competition in the retail business is a relatively tenderer phenomenon. The era of colonialism can very thoroughly be said to have given shape to the trend of globalization, but the roots of modern era of globalization came on the horizon in the late 1970s or early 1980s. Policies of liberalization by many countries around the world provided the all important catalyst to the modern era of globalization. There were so some reputed companies like K-Mart, Sobeys Inc, Family Thrift Centre etc in the retail business when Wal-Mart came out its concept of discount retail business, which might have given enkindle competition to Wal-Mart even during those early days.Potential Entrants Looking at the number of retailers and timeline of their origin, it becomes quite clear that the retail business seemed to attract quite a few entrepreneurs. Dans Super Market, Wallys Supermarkets etc. are some of the new entrants during the 1950s, which found the retail business quite attractive. Therefore, while carrying out the discount retail business, the threat of new entrants was quite genuine one for the company even during those days. Buyer/ Customers Power If we go by the present circumstances, it is amply clear that today the customer is thence treated like a king. Today companies believe in trying all out efforts to invite the attention of the customers and provide them with attractive discounts, better grapheme products and services. But the situation

The topic can be proposed by the writer Assignment - 5

The topic can be proposed by the writer - Assignment characterTeenagers and young adults indulge in poor eating habits that have adverse long-term effects on rosy-cheeked living. I believe that I am solely responsible for my lifestyle habits. I take responsibility for taking care of my health by embracing a healthy living. I head for the hills to implement such a change by exercising and eating healthy foods.Whetten and Cameron, (2011), convincingly argue that the first step for ensuring a successful carrying into action process is to establish a climate of positivity. It begins with acceptance. I aim to build on the thought that I provide overcome poor lifestyle habits by dint of dedicating most of my free time towards body fitness and healthy living.After establishing a climate of positivity, I result assess myself to ensure that I exit honor all the steps towards realizing the change. The primary aspect of creating readiness is to benchmark best practices. Among the best p ractices to be implemented will beAdditionally, I will institute symbolic events that will signify the initiation of the implementation process. Such events will include visiting a fitness expert and a dietician to know more about body fitness and healthy eating habits respectively. Creating readiness will also involve creating a new language that will identify me as part of the individuals embracing healthy living standards.At this step, I will ensure that I have a mentor to jeer me through the entire process. This may involve having someone to look up to, to serve as a benchmark for my success. Effective management of a healthy living standard would involve visualizing the whole process and attaching the end result to the positive change. For example, I appreciate that healthy living is attributable to embracing sincere eating habits and body fitness.Actions speak louder than words. Therefore, commitment is necessary to ensure that the implementation of the change is tied

Reasons for United States Possible Attack on Iran Essay Example for Free

Reasons for join States Possible Attack on Iran EssayThe topic on the possibility of United States launching a troops snipe against Iran has dominated much news for several years since the Bush administration and during which some quarters speculated that such an attack would be ordered before the administration left office. As early as 2005, a number of articles had started revealing the imminent plans by Pentagon to order military operations against Iran. While people and the media may speculate and give their opinions about many aspects of the imminent war, the most important issue to understand is the reasons which may venting the attack. It is therefore the objective of this paper to discuss the reasons why US would engage in a military land war with Iran. 2. 0 The Euro-Based Oil Bourse This is oneness of the major reasons which revolve around the plan by capital of Iran government in 2005 and 2006 to start competing with the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), the s izeablest physical commodity futures counterchange in the world based in New York and the London based International Petroleum Exchange (IPE) by using the euro-dominated oil calling instrument (Clark, 2004).The logic behind this is that by using this mechanism in international oil trades, the euro is going to take dominance and establish a firm acres which will serve to overshadow the strength of the U. S dollar in the global oil market. The U. S government therefore considers this a real flagellum by Tehran government which warrants intervention to protect the dollar from being toppled off from its long term monopoly in the critical international oil market.It is outlay noting that lack of an oil pricing standard that is euro-dominated also referred to oil marker in the oil trading industry is one of the technical challenges facing the euro-based trading system in oil transactions. The oil markers currently in operation today are the U. S dollar dominated which include Norway Brent crude, wolfram Texas Intermediate crude, and the UAE Dubai crude. In the spring of 2003, Iran laid down a requirement that all the transactions for its Asian and European oil exports be conducted using the euro up-to-dateness though the pricing of oil was still predominantly controlled by the dollar.Following an official announcement in 2004 that Iran had intentions to develop an Iranian oil Bourse, it raised the concerns that a stiff competition would ensue between the Iranian oil bourse and the U. S owned NYME and the IPE (Clark, 2004). The macroeconomic implications of such a development would cause a firing in the international commerce in both Middle East and the European Union which is the largest importer of oil from OPEC producers.Consequently, the financial hegemony enjoyed by the IPE and NYMEX would be greatly challenged and consequently the U. S is likely to avoid this through military action. 3. 0 The Ambitious Nuclear Program of Iran The Tehrans nuclear ambit ion is another practical reason as to why the U. S may launch a land military attack on Iran. This has been seen from the latest series of sanctions on Iran by the Obama administration which mainly targets the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps which is the most powerful social, political and economic institution in Iran.The organization also has a large number of companies and banks and therefore makes it an appropriate target for these sanctions (LANDLER COOPER, 2010). However, the critical thing to focus on with regard to this issue is whether these sanctions have the capacity to compel Iran to halt its nuclear program. If the history of political and economic sanctions against countries is anything to go by, then Iran may not change its course despite the sanctions and this may lead to war.The reason for the sanctions is to contain Tehran which depicts a link which leads from diplomatic pressure to military action (Nadal, 2010). Tehran views this threat as real considering tha t its two neighbors to the west and to the east have a large number of U. S troops. 4. 0 Conclusion A possible military action on Iran by the US cannot be overlooked since the reasons adjoin this possibility would also have major effects on the economy and the security of the US.Considering the economic problems facing the US, the attempts by Iran to establish the euro-based oil bourse may take care as an attempt to suppress the dollar in the international oil market. The nuclear program also would threaten the security not only of the US but also of the world if it is not either regulated or completely halted. To aver the nuclear weapons development, Washington ought to try and alter the perceptions of threat harbored by Iran against America.ReferencesClark, W. (2004). The Real Reasons Why Iran is the Next Target The Emerging Euro-denominated International Oil Marker. Retrieved heroic 20, 2010, from http//www. globalresearch. ca/articles/CLA410A. html LANDLER, M. , COOPER, H. ( 2010). U. S. Eyes New Sanctions Over Iran Nuclear Program. Retrieved August 20, 2010, from http//www. nytimes. com/2010/02/10/world/middleeast/10sanctions. html? _r=1 Nadal, A. (2010). Sanctions against Iran and the Next War. Retrieved August 20, 2010, from http//www. campaigniran. org/casmii/index. php? q=node/10518

Coffee and Starbucks Essay Example for Free

Coffee and Starbucks EssayStarbucks has been the most successful burnt umber chain using their combative expansion strategies to surpass its competitors. by dint of its expansion, Starbucks has focused on creating a dense network of stores all around US, while also opening up bracing locations all around the world. However, Starbucks aggressive expansion strategies stupefy posed major(ip) threats to its financial health such as tight cashflows, increase debts, poor liquidity ratios and etc. In addition, this advent can exacerbate competition among close Starbucks stores.Due to the aggressive expansion, Starbucks has lost its internal focus in its core business coffee and its unique Starbucks acquire third place. The issues atomic number 18 how Starbucks can stay profitable in the future and at the same time sustain its dominant position in the gourmet coffee industry. We have examined the industry analysis that focuses on the industry trends, the firm competitive enviro nment and followed by a SWOT analysis on Starbucks. Finally, we look at the company strategy analysis that focuses on the Starbucks strategic intent and its strategic position.From these analyses, we recommend a few options where Starbucks should pursue moving ship in order to avoid throw out decline and sustain its dominant position. .Company Background History. Starbucks Coffee, Tea and Spice was established in 1971 by Jerry Baldwin, Zey Siegel and Gordon Bowker in Seattle to sell roasted coffee beans and coffee machines. (See Exhibit 1 for timeline) At that time, the founders philosophy was to provide elevated quality coffee and educate the creation the art of appreciating fine coffee.It was the founders passion and strong commitment on educating the public that attracted Howard Schultz to join Starbucks in 1982 as the head of the marketing department, overseeing the companys retail stores. On one of his business trips to Milan, Italy, Schultz stumbled upon an opportunity to revamp Starbucks and shift its focus from its original business activities. Schultzs hot business proposition for Starbucks was to serve saucily brewed coffee at their awaylets which he sold to the founders without success.After many unsuccessful attempts, he left the Company. In 1987, Schultz acquired Starbucks from the founders and changed its name to the more abbreviated Starbucks and modified her logo to what we see today. After the acquisition, he introduced the idea of The Starbucks experience to all Starbucks outlets that is to create a comfortable atmosphere for patrons to relax. From then on, every Starbucks outlet was the perfect counterpart of this concept. In 1992, Starbucks had launched an IPO and its common stock was being traded on the Nasdaq.In 1995, Starbucks venture overseas and formed a joint venture with SAZABY Inc to open Starbucks stores in Japan. In 1996, Starbucks first oversea outlet was opened in Tokyo. Today, Starbucks has a total of 7,087 Company oper ated stores and 4,081 manifest stores in US. Additionally, it has 1,796 Company operated stores and 2,792 Joint Venture and License store operating in other 43 countries. .Definition of the Industry, Competitors and Scope of Analysis Generally, Starbucks is in the Food and Beverages industry.However for the purpose of this paper, we would define Starbucks to be in the gourmet coffee industry with the following competitors Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf Costa Coffee Caribou Coffee (See Exhibit 2 for a brief write up on reasons for the choice of these competitors and some background information of them) For the purpose of this paper, our analysis will be focusing on Starbucks in US and Australia. The next section provides an overview of the gourmet coffee industry and the competitive environment in US and Australia. .Overview of the Industry..Political Forces. Generally both the US and the Australia political situation appeargond to be well established and enduring. This will provide a g ood platform for both current businesses and new businesses to operate in. In US, despite the current verge of recession, the political mood is still presumable to favour increased regulation of businesses. In addition, even though international tensions are likely to remain but their impact on political stability and economy will remain minimal. Similarly in Australia, the political climate is likely to remain relatively stable.Although the relationship between the federal government and the states had been rocky in the past it has improved after the introduction of a more stable formula for revenue distribution. .Economical Forces. US Real economic festering is expected to slow from an estimated 4% in 2008 to 3. 8% in 2009. The modest slowdown reflects the impact of lower demand from its trading partner. As these exists imbalances in the economy and the poor short-term outlook for growth, it is assumed that conditions in the US are instantaneously recessionary and that growth will remain very weak in 2009.This will in turn affect the GDP and the fluid income of its residents. Australia Traditionally, rapid growth in Australia has been slowdown recently due to recession. Improved monetary and fiscal management have reduced macroeconomic volatility, but risks and imbalances are present. The low municipal savings rate renders the banking system dependant on foreign financing. The current account deficit is large, and international financial markets may start to worry about(predicate) the underlying causes. Bubble conditions also seem to exist in the housing market..Socio-cultural Forces Consumers Perceptions and Disposable Income. US There had been an increase in coffee consumption in the US market though the rate had slowed down in 2005 posing threats to coffee retailers. Recently, US consumers had increasingly opt for healthier hot drinks such as tea and RTD beverages which affect coffee consumption rate. The trend is likely to continue, leading to dec line in coffee consumption. Australia Coffee sales had experienced quite tepid growth from 2000 to 2005.The culture of cafe had caused more people to opt for on-trade sales coffee at the cafe instead of home-brewed coffee. According to BIS Shrapnel, people increasingly tend to go to cafes for their coffee and there is an increase of 50% within 2 years in coffee consumption. .Technological Forces Technological Developments. Technological changes have created many new products and processes. It helps to reduce woos, improve quality and lead to innovations which in turn benefits consumers as well as organizations.Many organizations in the gourmet coffee industry had recognized the importance of providing wireless internet access and Wi-Fi hotspots to its patrons. These technology advances had created a leisure place for patrons to surf net or hang out after home and work. Most of the organizations had also introduced automated coffee machines to speed up the brewing process so as to shorten waiting time. To further improve business operations and efficiency, some organizations have also make use of information technology systems to help them run their businesses more smoothly. .Environmental Forces.With major climate changes occurring due to global warming, many organizations in the gourmet coffee industry had increased their environment awareness by reduced the usage of disposable cups to serve coffee and increased the use of ceramic mugs. Furthermore, the organizations had also reduced the size of their paper napkins, paper bags and in store garbage bags. The organizations were also further to purchase Fairtrade certified coffees so as to promote responsible environmental and economic efforts. The following section presents our analysis of gourmet coffee industry with the attending of Michael Porters 5 Forces model.. Analysis of Gourmet Coffee Industry- Porter 5 Forces. Please refer to exhibit 3 for the criteria used for the scoring of severally forces and an analysis of each forces. Force 1 Threat of New Entry. Threat of new entry is high. High start up cost involved in purchase equipments, sourcing for coffee beans and training barista. Strong brand individualism leading to high switching cost for consumers Score 10 Force 2 Threat of Substitutes. Substitutes are gourmet coffee of a different brand Current gourmet coffee industries is saturated High switching cost.Threat of substitutes considered to be relatively high Score 6 Force 3 dicker Power of Suppliers. Majority of commercially available coffee beans come from a few industrializes countries. Increase the cost of coffee houses in sourcing and gaining access to these high quality coffee beans. Bargaining power of suppliers is relatively high Score 5 Force 4 Bargaining Power of ConsumersBargaining power of customers is relatively neutral. Current player gained brand loyalty Product differentiation helps to retain current customer and attract new customers.However price sensiti ve customers might seek for cheaper alternative. Score 0 Force 5 Rivalry between Competitors. Intensity of rivalry is moderate. Brand identity and high switching cost is relatively unfavorable to new player that has just entered the market. Score 3 ConclusionFrom the above analysis, we noted that the threat of new entry, the bargaining power of the supplier and threat of substitutes are relatively high. On the other hand the bargaining power of the consumers is neutral and the intensity of rivalry is moderate. because from the above.

Relationship Between Freedom And Authority

Relationship Between Freedom And AuthorityIn this essay I pass on discuss the relationship between laxdom and authority in jean-Jacques Rousseaus essay The Social Contract, and John Stuart footles essay On Liberty. I willing consider through my comparison of each philosopher that subs conception of liberty is the richer and more persuasive of the two.Rousseaus conception of exemption in The Social Contract is that people let out their freedom through a transformation from a state of temperament to civil society. We give up our natural freedom in ex heighten for cultivated freedom. His contention is that we can be both free and subject to political authority Rousseau finds its possible to be autonomous and subject to law, when we obey those laws of which we argon the author. He justifies this model of political authority by reflexion that government and laws are the will of the sovereign we give our consent for them to exist. That consent is guided by what Rousseau calls the command will.The oecumenic will is an idea that signifies the wishes or welfares of society as a whole. The purpose of the general will is to guide society to a common good, to propose society in its creation of laws and express what is best for all item-by-items. The problem with the general will, powder claims, is that it seems to reject individual diversity. Mill is worried that minorities may be oppressed if they think differently to the mass. Considering all individuals revoked their natural liberty through the change from a state of nature to civil society, Rousseau thinks that society must(prenominal) fury individuals to conform to the general will, or as he puts it, society must force them to be free. He thinks that by associating ourselves with the general will we acquire morality, and in truth become freer than we were before. To Rousseau, freedom is attained when unmatchable follows the general will.mill essay On Liberty is a strong counter argument to Rous seaus conception of freedom, in particular regarding the general will. Contrasting Rousseau, mill idea is not a social slew theory. According to Mill, in order for a society to be free it must avoid interfering with the lives of its people wherever possible. The threat, as Mill sees it, is that if we subscribe to the concept of the general will then society risks becoming paternalistic, or a tyranny of the volume where minority views are supressed if they do not conform to those of the majority.Mill thinks that society constrains the individual, and that society should be limited in the ply it can exert over individuals he enumerates three conditions upon which society must follow in order to be free freedom of aspect and feeling, freedom of tastes and pursuits and the freedom to unite with former(a) consenting individuals for any reason providing it does no harm to others. He says that if a society does not follow these conditions it is not free. Mill urgencys to avoid dogm as and laws as much as possible because he sees them as unnecessary constraints.The only principle that Mill does want to establish is the harm principle what he calls the object of his essay. The harm principle says that the only time one can interfere with the liberty of another individual, individually or collectively, is for self-protection. This principle claims that if an individual is not doing any harm to anyone in their actions, then society has no right to interfere. Over himself says Mill, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign it is the individual, and not society, who should decide how best to live. mill about conception of freedom appears to be a version of negative liberty, a type of freedom that allows one to do what they want free from restrictions. His freedom is the absence of obstacles, barriers or constraints. Rousseaus social contract theory is a type of positive liberty, that allows citizens to act in such a carriage as to take control of ones life and realise ones fundamental purposes.Rousseau characterises two types of freedom in The Social Contract the natural liberty, which is limited only by the strength of the individual and civil liberty, which is limited by the general will. Natural liberty is the freedom to follow ones own desires. Civil liberty is the freedom one attains when they follow the general will.Like Rousseau, Mill talks about a type of civil or social freedom however, unlike Rousseau he doesnt chew over about a state of nature. Rather, Mill states that his theory is justified by utilitarianism, he isnt making a comparison between a state of nature and civil society. I think this makes Mills argument more persuasive because he isnt making an presumption that we have natural rights. Mill doesnt seem to think we have natural rights, and even if we do, Rousseau doesnt tell us how we can actually know what they are. Rousseau appears to think that we have an intrinsic freedom that exists in the state of nature, and he wants to merge the individual liberty one supposedly has in the state of nature, with civil society. He thinks the way to do this is by following the general will.I think the biggest problem at the heart of Rousseaus social contract theory is the way he deals with individuals who disaccord with the general will. He states that if anyone refuses to obey the general will he will be compelled to do so by the whole body which means nothing else than that he will be forced to be free. His social contract declares that if an individual disagrees with the general will, then they must be wrong, and for their own good they must be forced to conform to the general will. Mill would undoubtedly consider such forced conformity a tyranny of the majority because of his strong belief that individuality is something that should be cherished and valued. Mill would disagree with Rousseaus notion that people should be forced to be free since he thinks its detrimental to both the indi vidual and the majority when an alternative doctrine is oppressed. Rousseau on the other hand, thinks that taking up the general perspective of the community is always the right thing to do.Contrary to Rousseau, Mill doesnt think that the majority gain their power because they are infallible, but simply because they are the close numerous or the most active part of the people. Mill states that silencing the expression of an opinion deprives the human race. Firstly, reasons Mill, if a majority silences an opinion that is different or less popular than their own, and that alternative opinion turns out to be right, then they are depriving themselves of what is right. Almost as great a benefit to society is listening to an alternative opinion even if it turns out to be wrong, because challenging dominant opinion prevents stagnation. Stifling opinion is always a bad thing Mill says that Absolute princes, or others who are accustomed to unlimited deference, usually feel this complete co nfidence in their own opinions on nearly all subjects because their opinion is never tested. It is through this collision with error that the truth becomes stronger. Mill thinks that this process of listening to a whole variety of thought and feeling leads to a healthier cultural climate and a place of greater freedom and liberty.Rousseau might object to Mills importance of minority opinion by saying that emphasis on individuality undermines social and political obligations. That its somehow an unrealistic idea to consider everyones opinion. He says in the social contract that citizens must be forced to follow the general will, because it means society will not depend on any one person for change to occur. Rousseau says of the general will that this condition is the device that ensures the operation of the political machine. He thinks its nave to listen to a minority not only because he assumes they must be wrong, but because they prevent the political system from making any progre ss. Rousseau thinks that without the general will, a political system would be absurd and tyrannical, and subject to the most terrible abuses. However, Mill would still disagree and respond by saying that if all mankind minus one were of one opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind.I think where they really differ here is that Mill doesnt think anyone can be free if theyre forced to conform to the majority, whereas Rousseau thinks conformity is necessary for liberty and best for the community- he says that every authentic act of the general will, obligates or favours all the citizens equally. He knows that its unrealistic that all citizens will agree to the general will, and so he says minorities must be forced to follow it (forced to be free). Perhaps its painfully obvious here that Rousseau has left himself in a vulnerable position he doesnt really explain to us how one must be f orced to follow the general will. Thus, on that points possibly an element of compatibility between Rousseaus and Mills conceptions of freedom. If its the case that the process of being forced to be free includes Mills notion that people should be free to debate and discuss, and providing everyones opinion is treated with respect and they are convinced, through discussion, to change their views, then its certainly possible that eventually all citizens will individually come the same conclusions about the common good of their community. Its certainly conceivable, but it seems unlikely. Even if this compatibility were to exist, Mill would object by saying that we still need a variety of opinion even if its wrong to prevent social stagnation and to challenge popular views. He would say that providing an individual is doing what they please by means of the harm principle, then society has no right to demand such an active citizenship from them.Rousseau may take issue with Mills harm principle but asking what actually constitutes harm. Its obvious that physical harm is detrimental and people shouldnt be free to harm others but there are forms of consequentialism that can piece together seemingly harmonious actions, and prove that they actually have damaging effects. For instance, universal consequentialism focuses on the consequences for all people or else than the individual agent. Rousseau might say that a person may not seem to be harming another individual in their actions, but an ingenious person could find harmful consequences for almost anything a person does.One might find themselves aroused by conflicting emotions if made to choose between the philosophies of Rousseau and Mill, depending on how they feel about an issue. It seems especially difficult to feel one has to conform to the majority when they disagree with it, but of course when one is on the side of the majority it can be substantial to pick up why anyone wouldnt be. The majority of clima te scientists support global warming, and if one believes in global warming it seems hard to understand why anyone would reject it. If you want gay marriage but the majority doesnt, it seems crazy to think you have to conform to the general will. I think this is what makes Rousseaus and Mills conceptions of freedom so attractive to us.I find Mills argument to be more persuasive than Rousseaus because even with modifications to Rousseaus social contract, the general will seems unable to avoid a tyranny of the majority. The general will seems too abstract to utilise without thinking of it as simply the sum of all private interests Rousseau makes it hard for us to recognize what the general will is or how to determine it, and he offers no reassurance that the majority knows what is best. He seems to be making a huge assumption that we have natural rights in the first place, but he provides no evidence for them.Works CitedMill, John Stuart. On Liberty and The Subjection of Women. Londo n Penguin Group, 2006.Rousseau, Jean Jacques. The Social Contract, A new translation by Christopher Betts. New York Oxford University Press, 2008.

The Disadvantages Of Watching Television Media Essay

The Disadvantages Of Watching Television Media EssayThis name talks intimately the disadvantages of watching video and the universe picture shows, in this name the antecedent is trying to say that there be a accord of disadvantages of watching boob tube. on that point be many of disadvantages they ar it makes the person who is watching to increase heaviness because of always sitting in front of the television not doing anything else. Second it makes you revilement your conviction, as instead of not do a very useful things and habits or even sports you keep stuck to watching and this makes you devastate a lot of time. tercet , it promotes compliance as when teenagers of children ar watching these reality television it makes them stay and dont encourage them to have a purpose in their intent so it encourages passivity. The cause aim in this term is to deliver and focus on the disadvantages of television. He addresses the message to especi every last(predicate)y te ens and children and this source is very useful in the research.In this article the Jillian karger is talk about the effects of the reality television shows on hatful. She says that it has a lot of effects, some of these effects are that the improbable outlook that sight would reckon that invigoration is so vivid and that life should be full of performance and that is not in the real life so, this is improbable opportunity. Also, the lack of isolation that the people are in this reality TV has no privacy everyone is watching so there is nothing private everything is shown on television. Also, there is diversion as when the people watch these reality shows they feel that exclusively what they see in these reality shows are reality and after that they dont want to live the real life they are living as it is not corresponding the life they are seeing in these reality shows. It also, makes you wish bad luck others. The purpose of the article is to make the earshot know the effec ts of watching these reality television shows on the teens and all the people watching these reality television shows. The author is addressing the teens and the children because they are the most sectors of people in the society who are watching these reality television shows so the author is trying to make them know that there are a lot of effects of watching reality shows.B. Slocum, Charles. The Real History of Reality TV. Wga. 25 Feb. 2010 In this article the author says when and where and how the starting signal reality television started and who were the people watching it mainly the author in this article is giving a historical background for the reality television as the people who are fire in the issue of reality television, the author is providing them with information to know more about this issue. The author verbalize that when reality television first started it was captured with cameras and it started first people loved it very much and they were enjoying watching t hese reality television shows and that there were a lot of people who were loving to watch these shows. After that, these dress were developed until they are seen as today in the television and there are a lot of people who are really very interested in these shows nowadays. The author in this article is delivering the message to all the person the author is trying to make the people who are reading this article allow informational background. In this article the author purpose is to make people know more information about this issue.Reality Television Introduction. Enotes. 25 Feb. 2010 The article is talking about introduction to reality television and some of the historical back ground about the reality television. The article is talking about what is reality television and why it started and why is people interested in it. What really makes people very interested and entertained when watching these reality television shows may be they are having fun when they are seeing people in their daily life and how they face challenges and live in their own life and can father a new life and make challenges and be very successful. This maybe giving them experience in their lives. In the article the purpose is to make the audience unspoiled think whether the reality television is good and worth watching or not. Also, to know these shows what is the benefit from watching them and spending a lot of time in front of the television just watching people leading day by day in their life? The author is addressing the message to all the people.The Reality TV Controversies.Case Studies.25 Feb. 2010 In this article the author tries to focus on the advantages and disadvantages of the reality television as to make the audience know what are the pros and cons of reality television. the author says that reality television has lots of disadvantages as first it has no privacy as people who are in these reality shows everyone is watching them and their locomote as if they are in p ublic so there is no privacy for them , also it makes people who are in this reality television really ashamed as everyone is watching them and every step they are making. The author didnt for bump also to talk about the advantages of reality television he said that may be this reality television gives the audience some experience from the daily life challenges and people they are watching how leading their daily life challenges, I can also makes them gain some entertainment and time of fun as it makes them some how happy from watching these reality shows. the purpose of this article is that the author want to deliver the message of that there are a lot of pros and cons for reality television. He delivers the message to especially the teens who are addicted to watching these reality shows.Ethics and Reality TV.Atheism. 25 Feb. 2010 in the article the author is trying to ask a very substantial question , this question is should people watch these reality television shows or not . so me people think that watching these reality shows is really important to bring in entertainment and to get experience from the challenges and live of people they are watching and that will make them better and know how to take right decisions in their lives and to think right. Others think that it is just very bad shows as they make people humiliated and feeling bad and they think that this makes also people watching make bad habits like wishing bad luck to some people. All of these reasons makes the author raise this question to the audience just to make them think of the issue in a very serious way to watch these shows or not and to know the advantages and disadvantages of it , the good and the bad points to be able to know the pros and con of this issue . the author is addressing his article to the teens.Sears, Alan. Whats real about Reality TV?New socialist. 25 Feb. 2010 In this article the author says that Reality TV is a type that combines fundamentals of talk show, game sho w, vulgar pseudo-anthropology and pro wrestling. It traces the actions of non-actors set(p) in various situations facing set challenges. The success of Survivor played a big determination in initiation the genre in North America. It was popular enough to make voted off the island a part of our everyday language. The success of Reality TV was driven first by commercial considerations. What makes these shows popular to producers is in part the same process of reorganization to force up proceeds that we are considering in all kinds of workplaces. It involves the use of new technology and work restructuring to deskill the workforce and valve into cheaper work sources. Reality TV is very cheap to make, requiring fewer writers and actors than customary indoctrination while making use of incomplete sets and fixed cameras for at least some of the action. It is a big profit centre for the networks, which are facing increased opposition in the digital age. The purpose of the author in this a rticle is that to know the introduction of reality television and he discuss the introduction of reality television. He addresses all the people In the society.Reality TV Gives Contestants a New Reasonto Smile.Perio. 25 Feb. 2010 In addition to treating the periodontal disease, the patients smile may also get better. This is significant because a smile is often one of the first things people notice about another person. When examination people on television be given a whole change, its clear that the look of the persons smile can greatly influence their self-worth. I see this in my perform everyday. Now that Americans are living longer, superficial operation has become more popular. spoken artificial operation has also felt this trend as it has knowledgeable a important shift toward cosmetic-related surgery to help improve the smile. Excessive gum tissue can create a gummy smile, but the periodontist can perform a crown expansion process to remove excess gum tissue and expose an ide al smile. on the other hand, a persons teeth may be too long if their gums have receded or shrink. This can often be corrected with soft tissue graft events. Dental implants, an artificial tooth root placed into the jaw to hold a replacement tooth or bridge can be used to replace missing teeth.Wieczorek, mark. Reality TV Faked? So What?Markzilla. 25 Feb. 2010 Apparently talk shows and reality television are some how the same s reality television is that these reality television and talk shows has a lot of advantages and disadvantages as these can make people make smile and make them happy and also it can make them gain money and these reality television shows will be a negative points of views as there will be a lack of privacy as what will be make on the television will not all be real and there will be a lck of privacy.

Literature Review On Social Networking Media Essay

Literature Review On mixer Networking Media EssayThe way state live these days is definitely polar than the previous, people now tend to sh be their daily life pull downts, sensitives and even feelings and emotions with new(prenominal)s. Social networks situation (SNSs) has provided the facility of enabling them to do so.The Social data Revolution (SDR) is the shift in human communication patterns towards increased individualised in physical bodyation sharing and its related implications, made possible by the rise of kind networks in archeozoic 2000s. eon neighborly networks were used in the early days to cliquishly sh ar photos and private messages, the subsequent trend towards people passively and actively sharing personal in turnation more broadly has resulted in unprecedented amounts of exoteric data.Janet Fouts in her book defines the social media as people prosecute in conversation around a topic online. (Fouts, 2009).Her definition is a generalization to the wh ole topic, so there is a nonher definition by (Boyed and Ellison, 2007) that is Social network sites be defined as wed-based services that reserve individuals to three main points the offshoot is to construct a public or semi-public profile at bottom a system, the second is to formulate a list of separate users with whom they sh atomic number 18 a connection, and the third is to view and cutoff their list of connections and those made by others at heart the system.This definition describes in specific the way people connect finished the social network sites, and the nature and classification of these connections may vary from site to site.While we use the term social network site to describe this phenomenon, the term social networking sites too appears in public discourse, and the two terms are practically used interchangeably. We chose not to employ the term networking for two reasons emphasis and scope. Networking emphasizes relationship initiation, frequently between st investrs. While networking is possible on these sites, it is not the primary hold on many of them, nor is it what differentiates them from other forms of computer-mediated communication (CMC).The term social network site is interchangeably used with the term social networking site, but they are not the same. The term networking somehow refers to theOr just remove the whole paragraphWhat makes social network sites unique is not that they allow individuals to incur strangers, but so integrityr that they enable users to articulate and make visible their social networks. This support result in connections between individuals that would not otherwise be made, but that is often not the goal, and these oppositions are frequently between latent ties (Haythornthwaite, 2005) who share some offline connection. On many of the large SNSs, participants are not necessarily networking or looking to meet new people instead, they are primarily communicating with people who are already a part of their extended social network. To emphasize this articulated social network as a critical organizing feature of these sites, we label them social network sites.While SNSs keep implemented a wide variety of skillful features, their backbone consists of visible profiles that display a clear list of Friends who are as well users of the system. Profiles are unique pages where one can type oneself into being (Sundn, 2003, p. 3). subsequently joining an SNS, an individual is asked to fill out forms containing a series of questions. The profile is generated using the answers to these questions, which typically include descriptors such(prenominal) as age, location, interests, and an about me section. Most sites also encourage users to upload a profile photo. Some sites allow users to enhance their profiles by adding multimedia depicted object or modifying their profiles look and feel. Others, such as Facebook and twitter, allow users to add modules (Applications) that enhance their pro file.The visibility of a profile varies by site and according to user discretion. By default, profiles on Friendster and Tribe.net are crawled by search engines, fashioning them visible to anyone, regardless of whether or not the viewer has an account. Alternatively, LinkedIn controls what a viewer may see based on whether she or he has a paying account. Sites like MySpace allow users to pack whether they want their profile to be public or Friends exclusively. Facebook takes a different approach-by default, users who are part of the same network can view each others profiles, unless a profile owner has decided to deny permission to those in their network. Structural variations around visibility and access are one of the primary ways that SNSs differentiate themselves from each other.After joining a social network site, users are prompted to identify others in the system with whom they have a relationship. The label for these relationships differs depending on the site-popular ter ms include Friends, Contacts, and Fans. Most SNSs require bi-directional confirmation for acquaintance, but some do not. These one-directional ties are sometimes labeled as Fans or Followers, but many sites call these Friends as well. The term Friends can be misleading, because the connection does not necessarily mean friendship in the everyday bevel sense, and the reasons people connect are varied (boyd, 2006a).The public display of connections is a crucial component of SNSs. The Friends list contains links to each Friends profile, enabling viewers to aviate the network graph by clicking through the Friends lists. On intimately sites, the list of Friends is visible to anyone who is permitted to view the profile, although there are exceptions. For instance, some MySpace users have hacked their profiles to hide the Friends display, and LinkedIn allows users to pick out out of displaying their network.Most SNSs also provide a mechanism for users to leave messages on their Friends profiles. This feature typically involves leaving comments, although sites employ various labels for this feature. In addition, SNSs often have a private messaging feature similar to webmail. While both private messages and comments are popular on to the highest degree of the major SNSs, they are not universally on tap(predicate).Not all social network sites began as such. QQ started as a Chinese instant messaging service, LunarStorm as a participation site, Cyworld as a Korean discussion forum tool, and Skyrock (formerly Skyblog) was a French blogging service before adding SNS features. Classmates.com, a directory of school affiliates launched in 1995, began supporting articulated lists of Friends after SNSs became popular. AsianAvenue, MiGente, and BlackPlanet were early popular ethnic community sites with throttle Friends functionality before re-launching in 2005-2006 with SNS features and structure.Beyond profiles, Friends, comments, and private messaging, SNSs vary greatl y in their features and user base. Some have photo-sharing or video-sharing capabilities others have built-in blogging and instant messaging technology. There are mobile-specific SNSs (e.g., Dodgeball), but some web-based SNSs also support limited mobile interactions (e.g., Facebook, MySpace, and Cyworld). opusy SNSs rate people from specific geographical regions or linguistic hosts, although this does not always determine the sites community. Orkut, for example, was launched in the United States with an English-only interface, but Portuguese-speaking Brazilians quickly became the dominant user group (Kopytoff, 2004). Some sites are designed with specific ethnic, religious, sexual orientation, political, or other identity-driven categories in mind. There are even SNSs for dogs (Dogster) and cats (Catster), although their owners must manage their profiles.While SNSs are often designed to be widely accessible, many attract homogeneous populations initially, so it is not uncommon to come groups using sites to separate themselves out by nationality, age, educational level, or other factors that typically segment society (Hargittai, 2008), even if that was not the intention of the designers.A History of Social Network SitesThe Early daysThe first recognizable social network site launched in 1997. SixDegrees.com allowed users to create profiles, list their Friends and, beginning in 1998, surf the Friends lists. Each of these features existed in some form before SixDegrees of course. Profiles existed on most major dating sites and many community sites. AIM and ICQ buddy lists supported lists of Friends, although those Friends were not visible to others. Classmates.com allowed people to connect with their game school or college and surf the network for others who were also coupled, but users could not create profiles or list Friends until years later. The first to combine these features was SixDegrees.SixDegrees promoted itself as a tool to help people connect w ith and send messages to others. While SixDegrees attracted trillions of users, it failed to continue, the service closed in 2000. Looking back, its primeer believes that SixDegrees was simply ahead of its time (A. Weinreich, personal communication, July 11, 2007). While people were already flocking to the Internet, most did not have extended networks of friends who were online. Early adopters complained that there was little to do after accepting Friend requests, and most users were not interested in meeting strangers.From 1997 to 2001, a number of community tools began supporting various combinations of profiles and publicly articulated Friends. AsianAvenue, BlackPlanet, and MiGente allowed users to create personal, professional, and dating profiles, users could identify Friends on their personal profiles without seeking approval for those connections (O. Wasow, personal communication, rarefied 16, 2007). Likewise, shortly after its launch in 1999, LiveJournal listed one-direct ional connections on user pages. People mark others as Friends to take over their journals and manage privacy bewildertings. The Korean virtual worlds site Cyworld was started in 1999 and added SNS features in 2001, independent of these other sites (see Kim Yun, this issue)*come back to this ref. Likewise, when the Swedish web community LunarStorm refashioned itself as an SNS in 2000, it contained Friends lists, guestbooks, and diary pages (D. Skog, personal communication, kinsfolk 24, 2007).Ryze.com was the beginning of the next wave of SNSs, it was launched in 2001 to help people control their business networks. Ryzes founder reports that he first introduced the site to his friends, primarily members of the San Francisco business and technology community, including the entrepreneurs and investors behind many future SNSs (A. Scott, personal communication, June 14, 2007)*revise this ref. In particular, the people behind Ryze, Tribe.net, LinkedIn, and Friendster were tightly inte rrelated in person and professionally. They believed that they could support each other without competing (Festa, 2003). In the end, Ryze never acquired mass popularity, Tribe.net grew to attract a passionate niche user base, LinkedIn became a powerful business service, and Friendster became the most significant, if only as one of the biggest disappointments in Internet history (Chafkin, 2007, p. 1).Figure 1. Distribution of work task interruptionFigure 1. Timeline of the launch dates of many major SNSs and dates when community sites re-launched with SNS featuresThat was a brief history of the general SNSs. The following section discusses Friendster, MySpace, and Facebook those are the three key SNSs that has shaped the business, cultural, and research background.The Rise (and Fall) of FriendsterFriendster launched in 2002 as a social complement to Ryze. It was designed to compete with Match.com, a profitable online dating site (Cohen, 2003). While most dating sites managemented on introducing people to strangers with similar interests, Friendster was designed to help friends-of-friends meet, based on the assumption that friends-of-friends would make better romantic partners than would strangers. Friendster gained trust among three groups of early adopters who shaped the site-bloggers, attendees of the Burning Man arts festival (Who are these?), and gay men (boyd, 2004)-and grew to 300,000 users through word of mouth before traditional press coverage began in May 2003 (OShea, 2003). *find this ref and try to make changes to the prev. paragraphAs Friendsters popularity raised, the site encountered technical and social difficulties (boyd, 2006b). Friendsters databases and servers were not well equipped to handle its fast growth, and the site wearied out regularly, that caused frustrating users who replaced email with Friendster.** rephrase this paragraph Because organic growth had been critical to creating a coherent community, the onslaught of new users who l earned about the site from media coverage upset the cultural balance. Furthermore, exponential growth meant a collapse in social conditions Users had to face their bosses and former classmates alongside their close friends. To complicate matters, Friendster began limit the activities of its most passionate users.The initial design of Friendster restricted users from viewing profiles of people who were more than four degrees away (friends-of-friends-of-friends-of-friends). In order to view additional profiles, users began adding acquaintances and interesting-looking strangers to complicate their reach. Some began massively collecting Friends, an activity that was implicitly encouraged through a most popular feature. The ultimate collectors were fake profiles representing iconic fictional characters celebrities, concepts, and other such entities. These Fakesters outraged the company, who banished fake profiles and eliminated the most popular feature (boyd, in press-b). While few pe ople actually created Fakesters, many more enjoyed surfing Fakesters for delight or using functional Fakesters (e.g., Brown University) to find people they knew.The active deletion of Fakesters (and genuine users who chose non-realistic photos) signaled to some that the company did not share users interests. Many early adopters left because of the combination of technical difficulties, social collisions, and a rupture of trust between users and the site (boyd, 2006b). However, at the same time that it was fading in the U.S., its popularity skyrocketed in the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia (Goldberg, 2007).SNSs Hit the MainstreamFrom 2003 onward, many new SNSs were launched, prompting social software analyst Clay Shirky (2003) to coin the term YASNS Yet Another Social Networking Service. Most took the form of profile-centric sites, trying to replicate the early success of Friendster or target specific demographics. While socially-organized SNSs solicit broad audienc es, professional sites such as LinkedIn, Visible Path, and Xing (formerly openBC) sharpen on business people. Passion-centric SNSs like Dogster (T. Rheingold, personal communication, August 2, 2007) help strangers connect based on shared interests. Care2 helps activists meet, Couchsurfing connects travelers to people with couches, and MyChurch joins Christian churches and their members. Furthermore, as the social media and user-generated content phenomena grew, websites focused on media sharing began implementing SNS features and becoming SNSs themselves. Examples include Flickr (photo sharing), Last.FM (music listening habits), and YouTube (video sharing).With the plethora of venture-backed startups launching in Silicon Valley, few people paid attention to SNSs that gained popularity elsewhere, even those built by major corporations. For example, Googles Orkut failed to build a sustainable U.S. user base, but a Brazilian invasion (Fragoso, 2006) made Orkut the national SNS of Braz il. Microsofts Windows Live Spaces (a.k.a. MSN Spaces) also launched to lukewarm U.S. reception but became extremely popular elsewhere.Few analysts or journalists noticed when MySpace launched in Santa Monica, California, hundreds of miles from Silicon Valley. MySpace was begun in 2003 to compete with sites like Friendster, Xanga, and AsianAvenue, according to co-founder tom turkey Anderson (personal communication, August 2, 2007) the founders wanted to attract estranged Friendster users (T. Anderson, personal communication, February 2, 2006). After rumors emerged that Friendster would adopt a fee-based system, users posted Friendster messages encouraging people to join alternate SNSs, including Tribe.net and MySpace (T. Anderson, personal communication, August 2, 2007). Because of this, MySpace was able to grow rapidly by capitalizing on Friendsters alienation of its early adopters. One particularly notable group that encouraged others to switch were indie-rock bands who were expel led from Friendster for failing to take after with profile regulations.While MySpace was not launched with bands in mind, they were welcomed. Indie-rock bands from the Los Angeles region began creating profiles, and local promoters used MySpace to advertise VIP passes for popular clubs. Intrigued, MySpace contacted local musicians to see how they could support them (T. Anderson, personal communication, September 28, 2006). Bands were not the sole source of MySpace growth, but the symbiotic relationship between bands and fans helped MySpace expand beyond former Friendster users. The bands-and-fans dynamic was mutually beneficial Bands wanted to be able to contact fans, while fans desired attention from their favorite bands and used Friend connections to signal identity and affiliation.Futhermore, MySpace differentiated itself by regularly adding features based on user demand (boyd, 2006b) and by allowing users to personalize their pages. This feature emerged because MySpace did not r estrict users from adding HTML into the forms that framed their profiles a copy/paste code culture emerged on the web to support users in generating unique MySpace backgrounds and layouts (Perkel, in press).Teenagers began joining MySpace en masse in 2004. Unlike older users, most teens were never on Friendster-some joined because they wanted to connect with their favorite bands others were introduced to the site through older family members. As teens began signing up, they encouraged their friends to join. Rather than rejecting underage users, MySpace changed its user policy to allow minors. As the site grew, three distinct populations began to form musicians/artists, teenagers, and the post-college urban social crowd. By and large, the latter two groups did not interact with one another except through bands. Because of the lack of mainstream press coverage during 2004, few others noticed the sites ripening popularity.Then, in July 2005, News Corporation purchased MySpace for $580 million (BBC, 2005), attracting massive media attention. Afterwards, safety issues plagued MySpace. The site was implicated in a series of sexual interactions between adults and minors, prompting legal action (Consumer Affairs, 2006). A moral panic concerning sexual predators quickly spread (Bahney, 2006), although research suggests that the concerns were exaggerated.A Global PhenomenonWhile MySpace attracted the majority of media attention in the U.S. and abroad, SNSs were proliferating and growing in popularity worldwide. Friendster gained traction in the Pacific Islands, Orkut became the premier SNS in Brazil before growing rapidly in India (Madhavan, 2007), Mixi attained widespread adoption in Japan, LunarStorm took off in Sweden, Dutch users embraced Hyves, Grono captured Poland, Hi5 was adopted in smaller countries in Latin America, confederation America, and Europe, and Bebo became very popular in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia. Additionally, previously popu lar communication and community services began implementing SNS features. The Chinese QQ instant messaging service straightway became the largest SNS worldwide when it added profiles and made friends visible (McLeod, 2006), while the forum tool Cyworld cornered the Korean market by introducing homepages and buddies (Ewers, 2006).Blogging services with complete SNS features also became popular. In the U.S., blogging tools with SNS features, such as Xanga, LiveJournal, and Vox, attracted broad audiences. Skyrock reigns in France, and Windows Live Spaces dominates numerous markets worldwide, including in Mexico, Italy, and Spain. Although SNSs like QQ, Orkut, and Live Spaces are just as large as, if not larger than, MySpace, they fulfil little coverage in U.S. and English-speaking media, making it difficult to track their trajectories.Expanding Niche CommunitiesAlongside these open services, other SNSs launched to support niche demographics before expanding to a broader audience. Unl ike previous SNSs, Facebook was designed to support distinct college networks only. Facebook began in early 2004 as a Harvard-only SNS (Cassidy, 2006). To join, a user had to have a harvard.edu email address. As Facebook began supporting other schools, those users were also required to have university email addresses associated with those institutions, a requirement that kept the site relatively closed and contributed to users perceptions of the site as an intimate, private community.Beginning in September 2005, Facebook expanded to include high school students, professionals inside corporate networks, and, eventually, everyone. The change to open signup did not mean that new users could tardily access users in closed networks-gaining access to corporate networks still required the appropriate .com address, while gaining access to high school networks required administrator approval. (As of this writing, only membership in regional networks requires no permission.) Unlike other SNS s, Facebook users are unable to make their full profiles public to all users. Another feature that differentiates Facebook is the energy for outside developers to build Applications which allow users to personalize their profiles and perform other tasks, such as compare movie preferences and chart travel histories.While most SNSs focus on growing broadly and exponentially, others explicitly seek narrower audiences. Some, like aSmallWorld and BeautifulPeople, intentionally restrict access to appear selective and elite. Others-activity-centered sites like Couchsurfing, identity-driven sites like BlackPlanet, and affiliation-focused sites like MyChurch-are limited by their target demographic and thus tend to be smaller. Finally, anyone who wishes to create a niche social network site can do so on Ning, a platform and hosting service that encourages users to create their own SNSs.Currently, there are no reliable data regarding how many people use SNSs, although market research indicat es that SNSs are growing in popularity worldwide (comScore, 2007). This growth has prompted many corporations to invest time and money in creating, purchasing, promoting, and advertising SNSs. At the same time, other companies are blocking their employees from accessing the sites. Additionally, the U.S. military banned soldiers from accessing MySpace (Frosch, 2007) and the Canadian government prohibited employees from Facebook (Benzie, 2007), while the U.S. Congress has proposed legislation to ban callowness from accessing SNSs in schools and libraries (H.R. 5319, 2006 S. 49, 2007).The rise of SNSs indicates a shift in the organization of online communities. While websites dedicated to communities of interest still exist and prosper, SNSs are primarily organized around people, not interests. Early public online communities such as Usenet and public discussion forums were structured by topics or according to topical hierarchies, but social network sites are structured as personal (o r egocentric) networks, with the individual at the center of their own community. This more accurately mirrors unmediated social structures, where the world is composed of networks, not groups (Wellman, 1988, p. 37). The introduction of SNS features has introduced a new organizational framework for online communities, and with it, a vibrant new research stage setting.Previous ScholarshipScholarship concerning SNSs is emerging from diverse disciplinary and methodological traditions, addresses a range of topics, and builds on a large body of CMC research. The goal of this section is to survey research that is directly concerned with social network sites, and in so doing, to set the stage for the articles in this special issue. To date, the bulk of SNS research has focused on impression management and friendship performance, networks and network structure, online/offline connections, and privacy issues.Impression Management and Friendship PerformanceLike other online contexts in which individuals are consciously able to construct an online representation of self-such as online dating profiles and MUDS-SNSs constitute an important research context for scholars investigating processes of impression management, self-presentation, and friendship performance. In one of the earliest academic articles on SNSs, boyd (2004) examined Friendster as a locus of publicly articulated social networks that allowed users to perform presentations of self and connect with others. Donath and boyd (2004) extended this to suggest that public displays of connection serve as important identity signals that help people navigate the networked social world, in that an extended network may serve to validate identity information presented in profiles.While most sites encourage users to construct accurate representations of themselves, participants do this to alter degrees. Marwick (2005) found that users on three different SNSs had complex strategies for negotiating the rigidity of a presc ribed real profile, while boyd (in press-b) examined the phenomenon of Fakesters and argued that profiles could never be real. The extent to which portraits are authentic or playful varies across sites both social and technological forces shape user practices. Skog (2005) found that the status feature on LunarStorm strongly influenced how people behaved and what they choose to reveal-profiles there indicate ones status as measured by activity (e.g., sending messages) and indicators of authenticity (e.g., using a real photo instead of a drawing).Another aspect of self-presentation is the articulation of friendship links, which serve as identity markers for the profile owner. Impression management is one of the reasons given by Friendster users for choosing particular friends (Donath boyd, 2004). Recognizing this, Zinman and Donath (2007) famed that MySpace spammers leverage peoples willingness to connect to interesting people to find targets for their spam.In their examination of LiveJournal friendship, Fono and Raynes-Goldie (2006) described users understandings regarding public displays of connections and how the Friending function can operate as a throttle valve for social drama. In listing user motivations for Friending, boyd (2006a) points out that Friends on SNSs are not the same as friends in the everyday sense instead, Friends provide context by offering users an imagined audience to guide behavioral norms. Other work in this area has examined the use of Friendster Testimonials as self-presentational devices (boyd Heer, 2006) and the extent to which the attractiveness of ones Friends (as indicated by Facebooks besiege feature) impacts impression formation (Walther, Van Der Heide, Kim, Westerman, in press).Networks and Network StructureSocial network sites also provide rich sources of naturalistic behavioral data. Profile and gene linkage data from SNSs can be gathered either through the use of automated collection techniques or through datasets p rovided directly from the company, enabling network analytic thinking researchers to explore large-scale patterns of friending, usage, and other visible indicators (Hogan, in press), and continuing an analysis trend that started with examinations of blogs and other websites. For instance, Golder, Wilkinson, and Huberman (2007) examined an anonymized dataset consisting of 362 million messages exchanged by over four million Facebook users for insight into Friending and messaging activities. Lampe, Ellison, and Steinfield (2007) explored the relationship between profile elements and number of Facebook friends, finding that profile fields that reduce transaction costs and are harder to falsify are most likely to be associated with larger number of friendship links. These kinds of data also lend themselves well to analysis through network visualization (Adamic, Bykkkten, Adar, 2003 Heer boyd, 2005 Paolillo Wright, 2005).SNS researchers have also studied the network structure of Frien dship. Analyzing the roles people played in the growth of Flickr and Yahoo 360s networks, Kumar, Novak, and Tomkins (2006) argued that there are passive members, inviters, and linkers who amply participate in the social evolution of the network (p. 1). Scholarship concerning LiveJournals network has included a Friendship classification scheme (Hsu, Lancaster, Paradesi, Weniger, 2007), an analysis of the role of lyric poem in the topology of Friendship (Herring et al., 2007), research into the importance of geography in Friending (Liben-Nowell, Novak, Kumar, Raghavan, Tomkins, 2005), and studies on what motivates people to join particular communities (Backstrom, Huttenlocher, Kleinberg, Lan, 2006). Based on Orkut data, Spertus, Sahami, and Bykkkten (2005) identified a topology of users through their membership in certain communities they suggest that sites can use this to recommend additional communities of interest to users. Finally, Liu, Maes, and Davenport (2006) argued that Friend connections are not the only network structure worth investigating. They examined the ways in which the performance of tastes (favorite music, books, film, etc.) constitutes an alternate network structure, which they call a taste fabric.Bridging Online and Offline Social NetworksAlthough exceptions exist, the available research suggests that most SNSs primarily support pre-existing social relations. Ellison, Steinfield, and Lampe (2007) suggest that Facebook is used to maintain existing offline relationships or solidify offline connections, as opposed to meeting new people. These relationships may be weak ties, but typically there is some common offline element among individuals who friend one another, such as a shared class at school. This is one of the chief dimensions that differentiate SNSs from earlier forms of public CMC such as newsgroups (Ellison et al., 2007). Research in this vein has investigated how online interactions interface with offline ones. For instance, La mpe, Ellison, and Steinfield (2006) found that Facebook users engage in searching for people with whom they have an offline connection more than they browse for complete strangers to meet. Likewise, Pew research found that 91% of U.S. teens who use SNSs do so to connect with friends (Lenhart Madden, 2007).Given that SNSs enable individuals to connect with one another, it is not surprising that they have belong deeply embedded in users lives. In Korea, Cyworld has become an integral part of everyday life-Choi (2006) found that 85% of that studys respondents listed the maintenance and reinforcement of pre-existing social networks as their main motive for Cyworld use (p. 181). Likewise, boyd (2008) argues that MySpace and Facebook enable U.S. youth to socialize with their friends even when they are unable to gather in unmediated situations she argues that SNSs are networked publics that support sociability, just as unmediated public spaces do.Privacy normal press coverage of SNSs has emphasized potential privacy concerns, primarily concerning the safety of younger users (George, 2006 Kornblum Marklein, 2006). Researchers have investigated th