Introduction to Special Education Essay

* students with exceptionalities exhibit differences in learning and behaviour that significantly affect their educational potential they have exceptional needs that cannot be met by typical approaches to schooling * special education is constructed and delivered to suit the limited strengths and needs of students with exceptionalities The Modern History Of peculiar(a) pedagogy.* special types of educational work provided as far back as the 18th century * new(a) era of special education began in the 1960s during the civil rights drive (rejected existing practices of separately educating students who were different) * ahead of time forms of special education designed to trim back perceived threats to normal students History Of Special tuition (Legislation Affecting Special Education) * some Canadian provinces enacted special education legislation as early as 1969 * 1975 ground breaking legislation in U. S. Education for altogether Handicapped boorren Act.* least res trictive environment * individualized education architectural plan (IEP) * categories of exceptionality * 1978 Javits Gifted & Talented Students Act brought number of identifiable categories to cardinal * 1990 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) added traumatic brain injury and autism to create the bakers dozen categories used today * IDEA kidskinren with disabilities instead of disabled children The No Child Left Behind Act signed into law in 2002 * addresses foursome critical concerns.* accountability of educators for student academic achievement * flexibleness of specialize funding capital punishment to maximize student achievement * option for p atomic number 18nts to transport childs school if achievement is not at expect level * use of scientifically proven methods to have all children nurture by end of grade three Is NCLB Making a struggle? Criticisms * students with exceptionalities not exempt from district-wide or state-wide yearly achievement tests (law recently changed flexibility option) * pretermit of available funding.* more emphasis placed on maths and reading at the expense of other curricular topics To date, NCLB legislation has not significantly affected special education practices in Canada. How Is Special Education In Canada And The United States Similar? * basic practices follow the same abstract models * major difference is way it is governed * U. S. operates under nationally-mandated laws * each Canadian province and territory has own education legislation * most relevant federal law in Canada is Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Prevalence Of Students With Exceptionalities* vast bulk of classrooms now include students with exceptionalities * statistics difficult to acquire in Canada * U. S. Department of Education (2002) * 8. 8% of all students have exceptionalities * 85% of these have mild disabilities * in two ways as many males as females Inclusionary Practices * until the mid 1980s, special education run delivered wholly or partially separated from regular classrooms * all Canadian provinces have currently adopted philosophy of inclusion.* students with exceptionalities are provided with appropriate educational programming in appropriate environments * regular classroom is first positioning option * Inclusionary Practices * inclusion better than integration or mainstreaming because it does not analyse to fix the child to suit the system * inclusion does not convert the term special education because it does not provide specific definitions for implementation * educators support inclusion but are refer about its lack of procedures for implementation Non-Categorical Model.* data-based approach to instructional planning * does not trust on specific labels * proponents feel that labels frequently stigmatize, isolate, and stereotype individuals with exceptionalities * more concerned with functional educational services than outcomes of assessments Categorical Mod el * students needs and abilities are defined and then identified, classified, and categorized * most widely used and authentic approach.* allows educators to design effective educational interventions without over-generalizing the characteristics of specific categories to any one child * textbook emphasizes categorical model * teachers need to know the criteria used to direct students with exceptionalities and how the criteria varies across categories * allows teachers to readily notice problems that children may be having * eliminates confusion and licking when teaching students with exceptionalities.